Chapter 03 Fundamentals of Immunology Continue the lesson

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic distinguishes idiotypes from other types of antibody variations?

They are defined by variations in antigen-binding specificity. (correct)
They are restricted to IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD isotypes.
They are present in all members of a species.
They involve variations in the constant region of the antibody.

How does the alternative complement pathway differ from the classical pathway in its activation mechanism?

It requires the presence of Ca²+ and Mg²⁺ ions for activation.
It is initiated by high molecular weight polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides on target cell surfaces. (correct)
It involves the attachment of plasma Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) to activate proteins.
It is activated by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes with IgM.

What is the primary functional consequence of the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

Formation of transmembrane pores leading to osmotic lysis and cell death. (correct)
Opsonization of pathogens to enhance phagocytosis.
Inhibition of complement activation via regulatory proteins.
Stimulation of inflammation through peptide fragment split products.

Why do IgG antibodies against the Rh antigen typically fail to efficiently bind and activate the complement system?

The low density of Rh antigen on red blood cell surfaces hinders effective complement activation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate consequence of C1 binding to two adjacent Ig Fc regions on a target cell?

Initiation of the classical complement pathway. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the chemical complexity of an antigen typically influence the immune response it elicits?

More chemically complex antigens generally produce a more rigorous immune response because they offer a greater variety of epitopes for antibody binding. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood group antibodies, what is the key distinction between naturally occurring and immune antibodies?

Naturally occurring antibodies are found in individuals never exposed to the antigen, whereas immune antibodies are found in individuals with prior exposure. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are monoclonal antibodies often preferred over polyclonal antibodies in diagnostic testing?

Monoclonal antibodies are less prone to cross-reactivity and provide more consistent, specific results due to their targeting of a single epitope. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the molecular weight of an antigen influence its immunogenicity, according to the text?

Antigens with a molecular weight greater than 10,000 Daltons are generally more immunogenic, while those smaller may act as haptens requiring a carrier protein. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes alloantibodies from autoantibodies in the context of antigen-antibody reactions?

Alloantibodies are produced in response to non-self antigens, whereas autoantibodies are produced against self-antigens . (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms primarily contributes to the functionality of proteolytic enzymes in immunohematology?

Altering reaction conditions by modifying molecules without being consumed, impacting RBC characteristics. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do DTT (Dithiothreitol) and β-2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) selectively modify immunoglobulin molecules in immunohematological testing?

By disrupting the J chain of IgM, leaving IgG molecules largely unaffected. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using monoclonal reagents over polyclonal reagents in blood banking?

Monoclonal reagents can be produced in unlimited quantities with consistent specificity. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of AHG (Anti-Human Globulin) reagent in terms of facilitating the detection of RBC sensitization?

AHG cross-links antibodies or complement bound to RBCs, enabling visible agglutination. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does ZZAP, a combination of thiol reagent and proteolytic enzyme, modify red blood cells for immunohematological studies?

ZZAP dissociates IgG from RBCs and alters surface antigens. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the acquired immune system is most crucial in preventing autoimmune reactions?

Tolerance, down-regulating immune responses against the host's own tissues. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the recognition of self and nonself contribute to the function of the immune system?

It allows the immune system to target and remove unwanted organisms, cells, and tissues. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do T helper (TH) cells orchestrate immune responses considering their CD4 marker?

By modulating immune responses through cytokine secretion after interacting with APCs (D) Signup and view all the answers

Given that IgG1 antibodies are most often implicated in severe Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), what unique property of IgG antibodies contributes to this condition?

Their ability to cross the placenta and target fetal red blood cells. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the roles of innate and acquired immunity, what advantage does the acquired immune system provide over the innate immune system in responding to a novel pathogen?

The ability to mount a highly specific and adaptive response with immunological memory. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not involved in the acquired or adaptive immune response?

Phagocytosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in the production of antibodies?

B lymphocytes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is involved in antigen recognition following phagocytosis?

T lymphocytes (B) Signup and view all the answers

The role of the macrophage during an antibody response is to:

Process antigen and present it (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced in the primary immune response?

IgM (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced in the secondary immune response?

IgG (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following MHC classes are found on antigen presenting cells?

Class II (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following MHC classes encodes complement components?

Class III (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immunoglobulins is most efficient at binding complement?

IgM (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the immunoglobulin molecules contains complement binding sites?

Heavy chain constant region (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which complement pathway is activated by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes?

Classical (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is known as the “recognition unit” in the classical complement pathway?

C1q (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is known as the “membrane attack complex” in the classical complement pathway?

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is capable of crossing the placenta and causing hemolytic disease of the newborn?

IgG (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the effect of an excess amount of antigen present in a test system?

Postzone (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the presence of an excess amount of antibody present in a test system?

Prozone (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to a state of equilibrium in antigen-antibody reactions?

Zone of equivalence (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following properties of antibodies is NOT dependent on the structure of the heavy chain constant region?

Affinity for antigen (D) Signup and view all the answers

Molecules that promote the update of bacteria for phagocytosis are:

Opsonins (A) Signup and view all the answers

Select the term that describes the unique confirmation of the antigen that allows recognition by a corresponding antibody:

Epitope (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the net negative charge surrounding red blood cells?

Zeta potential (D) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Idiotypes

They are distinguished by variations in antigen-binding specificity.

Alternative Complement Pathway

It is initiated by high molecular weight polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides on target cell surfaces.