1-Metabolic

Molecules released from damaged or dying cells that trigger an immune response.

A systemic inflammatory response triggered by DAMPs in response to cellular injury.

A type of DAMPs that plays a key role in the inflammatory response. It is often called 'HMGBest' due to it being the best characterized DAMP.

The initial phase of the immune response to injury, characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators.

The later phase of the immune response to injury, aimed at resolving inflammation and restoring homeostasis.

A state of balance and stability within the body.

A critical process by which damaged tissues are repaired and replaced with healthy ones.

A process by which the immune system recognizes and eliminates pathogens and damaged cells.

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response.

The severity of SIRS is directly proportional to the severity of the injury. A more severe injury leads to a more robust SIRS response.

HMGB1 (High Mobility Group Box 1) is a protein released by damaged cells. It acts as a danger signal to the immune system, triggering a cascade of inflammatory responses.

HMGB1 triggers specific immune responses, including the release of cytokines, neutrophil activation, increased permeability of epithelial barriers, and procoagulant activity.

HMGB1 binds to TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) on immune cells, like macrophages, triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the overall inflammatory response in SIRS.

SIRS can arise from both infectious and sterile injuries, meaning it can occur even without a direct infection.

TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) is a key receptor on immune cells that plays a crucial role in recognizing pathogens and triggering inflammatory responses.

The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by immune cells, triggered by HMGB1 binding to TLR4, contributes significantly to the overall inflammatory response in SIRS, ultimately leading to the sickness behavior.

Proteins released by cells in response to injury or infection. They help recruit immune cells and trigger inflammation.

A type of cytokine that interferes with virus replication.

A family of proteins that play a crucial role in triggering inflammation and immune responses.

A protein found in the body which activates the immune response when it detects microbial components.

A type of TLR that is activated by bacterial lipopeptides.

The central nervous system (CNS) uses sensory and motor neurons to communicate with the body, processing information to generate a coordinated response.

The CNS receives information about injury-induced inflammation via soluble mediators and direct neural projections, which transmit data to brain regions involved in regulating inflammation.

The CNS receives information about injury-induced inflammation through direct communication with the body via neural projections and indirect communication through soluble mediators.

Fenestrated endothelium is the type of capillary lining that allows inflammatory signals to reach the CNS.

DAMPs (Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) and inflammatory molecules are released from damaged cells and play a critical role in communicating injury information to the CNS.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating inflammation in the CNS.

Leaky blood-brain barrier (BBB) permits inflammatory signals to cross into the central nervous system.

The central nervous system (CNS) plays a role in modulating inflammation by receiving information from specialized immune cells called T cells.

A state where the body loses its ability to maintain a stable internal environment due to an overwhelming inflammatory response.

The release of signaling molecules (primarily cytokines) from cells in response to injury or infection, leading to a cascade of immune responses.

A mechanism of immune system regulation where the vagus nerve helps to dampen the inflammatory response, promoting a calmer state in the body.

A family of signaling molecules that act as 'alarm bells' for the immune system, alerting it to tissue damage or infection.

A primary stress response pathway that releases hormones (like cortisol) to regulate the body's response to stress, including inflammation.

A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (zona fasciculata) that helps regulate inflammation and other stress responses in the body.

A complex system that involves the interconnectedness of the nervous system, immune system, and endocrine system, highlighting the intricate communication and regulation in the body's response to stress and inflammation.

A process by which cells die in a controlled and organized manner, characterized by the activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. This process is essential for removing damaged or unwanted cells without causing inflammation.

A form of cell death that occurs when cells are injured or stressed beyond their ability to repair themselves. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis is uncontrolled and leads to the release of cellular contents, causing inflammation.

A process involving the production and secretion of mature cytokines, which are signaling molecules that play a crucial role in regulating inflammation and immune responses.

This unfolded protein response is triggered when misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells. The ER is responsible for proper protein folding, and stress can disrupt this process. To restore balance, the ER activates a signaling pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). This pathway aims to restore protein folding and reduce the stress on the ER.

Molecules that protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly reactive molecules that can damage cellular components. In the context of critical illness, antioxidants counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress, which is implicated in the development of complications like sepsis, multi-organ dysfunction, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that are naturally produced as part of normal cellular metabolism. However, excess ROS can damage cells and contribute to disease. ROS play a role also in pathogen killing by phagocytes and inflammation. The role of ROS in disease is complex and is dependent on a variety of factors such as the type of ROS, the concentration of ROS, and the tissue or cell type.