38 Questions
What is the primary mechanism of passive immunisation?
Transfer of antibodies directed at specific infective agents
Live attenuated vaccines require an adjuvant to enhance immune response.
False
What is the main difference between passive and active immunisation?
Passive immunisation provides immediate protection through antibody transfer, while active immunisation stimulates the individual's immune response to provide long-term protection.
Adjuvants are often adsorbed onto ______________________ to enhance their effectiveness.
aluminium hydroxide or a carrier protein
Which type of vaccine is made by recombinant DNA technology?
Inactivated vaccine
Tetanus antitoxin is an example of active immunisation.
False
Match the following types of vaccines with their characteristics:
Live attenuated vaccine = Induces excellent immunity with durable protection Inactivated vaccine = Requires an adjuvant to enhance immune response Toxoid vaccine = Made from inactivated toxins Subunit vaccine = Made from protein components of an organism
What is the role of adjuvants in vaccine development?
Adjuvants enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine antigens.
What is immunisation according to the World Health Organisation?
The process of making a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease
Natural immunisation occurs through natural infection or maternal antibodies.
True
What is the difference between active and passive immunisation?
Active immunisation occurs when the body produces its own antibodies, while passive immunisation occurs when antibodies are administered from outside the body.
A _______________ is a substance that enhances the immune response to a vaccine.
adjuvant
What is the purpose of an adjuvant in a vaccine?
To enhance the immune response
All vaccines are administered through injection.
False
Corticosteroids are a type of _______________ medication.
non-steroidal
Why should live attenuated vaccines be avoided in pregnant women?
Because of potential harm to the fetus
Inactivated vaccines can infect the fetus.
False
What is the general rule for administering immunoglobulin after vaccination with live vaccine?
Wait 2 weeks after vaccination with live vaccine before administering immunoglobulin.
In the presence of severe _______________ immunodeficiency, oral polio vaccine (live attenuated) should not be used.
humoral
What is a contraindication for vaccines containing neomycin?
History of systemic hypersensitivity
Vaccination should be postponed in patients with mild infections.
False
Match the following vaccines with their recommended use in immunosuppressed individuals:
Inactivated vaccines = Generally safe BCG = Not recommended for asymptomatic HIV-infected children Oral polio vaccine (live attenuated) = Can be used in presence of deficient cellular immunity Varicella vaccine = Can be used in presence of isolated B-cell deficiency
When administering multiple vaccines, it is important to:
Administer different injectable vaccines at different injection sites
In the case of thrombocytopenia or bleeding disorders, vaccines should be administered intramuscularly.
False
What is the primary function of prostaglandins in wound healing?
Promotes inflammation (including pain and fever)
In the case of a history of _________, vaccination is contraindicated.
anaphylaxis
What is a potential side effect of vaccination?
All of the above
Vaccines are 100% effective in protecting all recipients.
False
Match the following conditions with their corresponding vaccination considerations:
Thrombocytopenia = Administer subcutaneously History of anaphylaxis = Contraindication to vaccination
Prostaglandin production is facilitated by _______________________ enzymes.
cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2)
What is a hapten?
A molecule that is too small to be immunogenic on its own
Toxoid vaccines are made from weakened viruses.
False
What is the purpose of inactivating or suppressing the toxicity of a bacterial toxin to create a toxoid?
To mount an immune response and form immunological memory without resulting in toxin-induced illness
The measles vaccine is an example of a __________ vaccine.
live attenuated
Match the following vaccine types with their characteristics:
Live attenuated = Uses a weakened form of the virus Inactivated = Uses a killed or inactivated virus or bacteria Toxoid = Uses a bacterial toxin that has been inactivated or suppressed Subunit = Uses only a small portion of the virus or bacteria
Which of the following is an example of a next generation vaccine?
Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine
All vaccines use adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity.
False
What is the difference between a vaccine and a toxoid?
A vaccine is a preparation of killed or attenuated microorganisms, while a toxoid is a bacterial toxin that has been inactivated or suppressed
Study Notes
Immunisation
- Immunisation is the process of making a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease.
- Types of immunisation:
- Passive: transfer of antibody directed at a specific infective agent, recipient's immune system is not stimulated, acts immediately, and is short-lived.
- Active: results from stimulation of a person's own immune response, considerable delay before protection, and immunity is long-lived.
Vaccine Types
- Live attenuated vaccine: natural live organisms manipulated to be harmless, but still viable, inducing excellent immunity with durable protection.
- Inactivated vaccine: organism or parts of organism capable of eliciting an immune response, but not capable of causing infection, may require an adjuvant.
- Toxoid: bacterial toxin with suppressed toxicity, but maintained immunogenicity, used for vaccination.
Hapten
- A small molecule that is not immunogenic on its own, but becomes immunogenic when conjugated to a carrier protein.
Vaccine Examples
- Live attenuated: smallpox, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, BCG, polio (oral).
- Inactivated: pertussis, cholera, hepatitis A, B, haemophilus influenzae, influenza, polio (parenteral), meningococcal, pneumococcal.
- Toxoid: diphtheria, tetanus.
Next Generation Vaccines (COVID-19)
- Protein subunit vaccine
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine
- Vector vaccine
Special Points to Consider
- Immunisation and medication
- Pregnancy: live attenuated vaccines should not be administered, woman immunised with live attenuated vaccine should not become pregnant within 4 weeks.
- Immunoglobulin or blood products: prevent fully effective immunisation for at least 3 months.
- Febrile illness: postpone vaccination in acutely ill, severely febrile patients.
- Traces of antibiotics: found in some vaccines, history of systemic hypersensitivity is a contraindication.
- Immunosuppression: inactivated vaccines are generally safe, but asymptomatic HIV-infected children should be routinely immunised.
- Concurrent administration: no evidence to suggest safety and efficacy problems when multiple antigens are administered simultaneously.
- Bleeding disorders: vaccine should be administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly with caution.
- Biological variation: vaccines are biological substances and will elicit different responses in different people.
Contraindications to Vaccination
- History of serious reaction, encephalopathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, or temperature ≥ 40.5°C within 48 hours of vaccination.
- Collapse or shock-like state within 48 hours of vaccination.
- Persistent, inconsolable crying lasting > 3 hours, occurring 2 weeks after vaccination.
Prostaglandin and Inflammation
- Prostaglandin production is facilitated by cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2).
- Functions of prostaglandin:
- Necessary for wound healing.
- Promotes inflammation (including pain and fever).
- Plays a role in platelet activation.
- Protects the stomach lining from stomach acid.
Learn about haptens, small molecules that trigger an immune response when bound to a carrier protein, and toxoids, inactivated bacterial toxins used in immunization.
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