Immunology: ELISA Methods Quiz

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What is the primary purpose of the Immunofluorescence Testing method?

To quantify enzyme activity in biological samples

To identify specific receptors in cells using a fluorescently labeled antibody (correct)

To measure the concentration of antigens in a serum sample

To determine the type of pathogen causing an infection

In which step of the ELISA process is the unknown serum added?

Immediately after attaching the known antigen to the well (correct)

Before the antigen is attached to the well

After the substrate for the enzyme is added

Before rinsing the well for the second time

What does the intensity of the color developed in an ELISA test indicate?

The presence of antigens from pathogens

The purity of the serum sample

The amount of unknown antibody present in the sample (correct)

The presence of fluorescent antibodies

Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly screened using Indirect ELISA?

Influenza (D) Signup and view all the answers

During the ELISA process, what is the purpose of rinsing the well?

To remove any unbound antibodies and ensure only specific reactions are measured (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of epinephrine in treating anaphylactic attacks?

To reverse airway constriction (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor and why?

Type O, because it lacks A and B antigens (D) Signup and view all the answers

What genetic combinations lead to an individual having type A blood?

AA or AO genotype (A) Signup and view all the answers

What defines the Rh factor in terms of blood type inheritance?

Rh+ is dominant over Rh- (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which allergy 'vaccines' aim to reduce allergic reactions?

By creating IgG blocking antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an Arthus reaction and serum sickness?

Arthus reaction occurs immediately while serum sickness has delayed symptoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments can prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?

RhoGAM injections (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most severe consequence of receiving the wrong blood type during a transfusion?

Massive hemolysis and systemic shock (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why are universal recipients considered type AB blood?

It has no antibodies to A or B antigens (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is a characteristic of asthma?

Episodes of breathing difficulties due to severe bronchoconstriction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are common reactions associated with drug allergies?

Range from mild rash to fatal anaphylaxis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are often associated with food allergies?

Vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is specific allergen identification important in diagnosing allergies?

It allows tailored treatment options (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of food allergy skin tests?

They can provide false negatives (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the RAST test in allergy diagnosis?

It measures levels of IgE to specific allergens (A) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of allergy is characterized by life-threatening systemic reactions?

Anaphylaxis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of allergy treatment drugs?

To block the action of lymphocytes and mast cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are allergen extracts typically applied for skin testing?

On the inner forearms or back (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes hay fever?

A seasonal reaction to inhaled plant pollen or molds (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical symptom of the Arthus reaction?

Redness and swelling at the injection site (D) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the symptoms in an Arthus reaction?

Histamine release and tissue destruction (A) Signup and view all the answers

In type IV hypersensitivity reactions, which cell type is primarily involved?

T cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame for symptoms to arise in type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

One to several days after exposure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential trigger for serum sickness?

Injections of animal sera or hormones (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with delayed type hypersensitivity?

Tuberculosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of contact dermatitis?

Exposure to irritants or allergens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to necrosis in an Arthus reaction?

Intravascular blood clotting (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of allergens?

They are antigens that only affect allergic individuals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by an immediate allergic reaction?

Type I hypersensitivity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the Hygiene Hypothesis explain the rise of allergies?

Lack of early immune stimulus due to reduced microbial exposure. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do mast cells play in the allergic response?

They release chemical mediators upon re-exposure to an allergen. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible physiological effect of the chemical mediators released during an allergic reaction?

Altered blood pressure and respiration. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes exogenous antigens from endogenous antigens in the context of hypersensitivity?

Exogenous antigens include microbes and pollen, while endogenous are self-derived. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is NOT commonly released during an allergic response?

Cortisol. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What commonly triggers the degranulation of mast cells during an allergic reaction?

Binding of allergen molecules to IgE on mast cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these examples is classified as an ingestant allergen?

Peanuts. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What impact do larger families have on the development of allergies, according to the hygiene hypothesis?

They reduce the odds of hay fever and asthma. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymph fluid in the immune system?

To carry White Blood Cells and provide immune support (C) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates B cells from T cells in terms of their maturation?

B cells originate in the bone marrow and mature there, T cells originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do plasma cells play in the immune response?

They produce antibodies that recognize specific antigens (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do T cells achieve self-tolerance during their maturation process?

They undergo apoptosis if they bind to self-antigens (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is described when multiple antibodies are produced against different features of an antigen?

Humoral immune response: polyclonal (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cell is primarily responsible for directly destroying infected or cancerous cells?

Cytotoxic T cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is known for its role in modulating smooth muscle responses?

Histamine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of an antigen that can trigger distinct antibody production?

The presence of multiple antigenic determinants (epitopes) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of cytokines in the immune system?

To serve as chemical messengers regulating immune functions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to T cells that survive the selection process in the thymus?

They mature and become functional T cells (C) Signup and view all the answers