Immunology Concepts and Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is the state of lymphocytes when their proliferative activity is highest?

  • Apoptotic
  • Sensitized (correct)
  • Suppressed
  • Naive

    • Which method is primarily used for the quantitative determination of complement components?

  • Flow cytometry
  • Immunofluorescence
  • Western blot
  • Enzyme immunoassay test (correct)

    • The leucocyte migration inhibition reaction (LMIR) assesses the activity of which type of lymphocytes?

  • Neutrophils
  • T-Lymphocytes (correct)
  • Plasma cells
  • B-Lymphocytes

    • Homogeneous therapeutic serum is produced by immunizing which type of subjects?

    <p>Human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During purulent inflammation, which cell type is likely to increase in number?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition might juvenile forms of neutrophils be observed?

    <p>Purulent inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody class does ELISA detect for diagnosing early stages of illness?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the difference between naive lymphocytes and sensitized lymphocytes?

    <p>Sensitized lymphocytes respond to specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are NOD-like family receptors (NLRs) primarily located?

    <p>Cytoplasm of the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the clonal selection theory of immunity?

    <p>Frank MacFarlane Burnet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two individuals are considered the founders of modern immunology?

    <p>Elie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do NOD-like family receptors (NLRs) primarily recognize?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of immunity was developed by Paul Ehrlich?

    <p>Humoral theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immune system?

    <p>To perform immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are involved in the formation of inflammasomes?

    <p>NOD-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the thymus are Hassall's cells located?

    <p>Medulla of thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the central organs of the immune system?

    <p>Lymphopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do RIG-I and MDA5 receptors predominantly recognize?

    <p>Viral RNA in cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the secondary immune response?

    <p>Due to memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for promoting T-cell maturation?

    <p>Thymosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily recognized by C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)?

    <p>Carbohydrate structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peptide is commonly produced by macrophages and neutrophils?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leucocyte primarily protects against large parasites?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor specifically recognizes bacterial flagellin?

    <p>TLR5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compared to the secondary immune response, the primary immune response has which characteristic?

    <p>Has a long-lasting period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after phagosome formation during phagocytosis?

    <p>Fusion with lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do phagosomes fuse with during phagocytosis?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigenicity of a substance primarily depends on which factor?

    <p>Chemical structure of antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is known to inhibit the fusion of phagosome to lysosome?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group do T-lymphocytes primarily start from?

    <p>CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During primary antigen recognition, macrophages primarily interact with which types of cells?

    <p>T cells and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanism by which pathogens evade phagocytosis?

    <p>Secretion of superoxide dismutase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what organ of the immune system does antigen stimulation and immune response development occur?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A complete antigen contains which structural components?

    <p>Main part and epitope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are antigens classified by structure?

    <p>Complete/incomplete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the alternative pathway of complement system activation?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?

    <p>Local Immune Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is most suitable for identifying an embryonal-type tumor?

    <p>Alpha Fetoprotein Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of secretory IgA molecules?

    <p>Dimer and Trimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability of immunoglobulins to bind exclusively to a specific antigen?

    <p>Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is essential for the production of IgA in MALT?

    <p>TGF-β</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of syncytiotrophoblasts in maternal-fetal immunity?

    <p>Transfer of IgG from mother to fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In rheumatoid arthritis, which structure is primarily targeted by the immune system?

    <p>Synovial Membrane of Joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IL-2 in the immune response?

    <p>Activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Class II MHC molecules predominantly expressed?

    <p>APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do cytotoxic T cells predominantly use to destroy target cells?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells primarily produce interferons in response to viral infections?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is predominantly found in the blood of newborns?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fc-fragment of an antibody?

    <p>Participate in activation of cells of innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is correct regarding NK cells?

    <p>Destroy target cells without phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are expressed on antigen-presenting cells to activate naive CD4+ T-lymphocytes?

    <p>MHC Class II, CD80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lymphocyte Proliferative Activity

    • Sensitized lymphocytes exhibit high proliferative activity because they are activated by specific antigens.

    Complement Component Determination

    • Enzyme immunoassay tests are used for quantitatively determining complement components.

    Leucocyte Migration Inhibition Reaction (LMIR)

    • LMIR assesses the activity of T-lymphocytes.

    Therapeutic Serum Homogeneity

    • Homogeneous therapeutic serum is obtained via human immunization.

    Neutrophil Juvenile Forms

    • Juvenile neutrophils appear in purulent inflammation.

    Purulent Inflammatory Diseases

    • Neutrophil count increases significantly during purulent inflammatory diseases.

    ELISA for Early Diagnosis

    • ELISA can detect IgM antibodies early in an illness, aiding in diagnosis.

    NOD-like Family Receptors (NLR) Localization

    • NLRs are localized within the cytoplasm of cells.

    Clonal Selection Theory of Immunity

    • Frank MacFarlane Burnet developed the clonal selection theory of immunity.

    Founders of Modern Immunology

    • Elie Metchnikoff and Paul Ehrlich contributed significantly to modern immunology.

    NOD-like Family Receptors Recognition

    • NLRs recognize peptidoglycans—a bacterial component.

    Humoral Theory of Immunity

    • Paul Ehrlich proposed the humoral theory of immunity, emphasizing antibodies.

    Immune System Function

    • The immune system's primary function is to mount an immune response, recognizing and eliminating pathogens.

    Inflammasome Receptors

    • NOD-like receptors are involved in inflammasome formation.

    Thymus Location of Hassall's Cells

    • Hassall's cells are located in the medulla of the thymus.

    Central Immune Organs Function

    • Lymphopoiesis occurs in the central immune organs like the thymus and bone marrow.

    RIG-I and MDA5 Receptor Function

    • RIG-I and MDA5 receptors recognize viral RNA within the cytoplasm of cells.

    Secondary Immune Response Characteristics

    • The secondary immune response is faster, stronger, and has longer duration due to the presence of memory cells.

    Thymus Hormone Thymosin Function

    • Thymosin promotes T-cell maturation and differentiation within the thymus.

    Macrophage and Neutrophil-produced Peptide

    • Lysozyme is produced by macrophages and neutrophils.

    Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes and Parasites

    • Eosinophils are crucial in protecting against large parasites.

    Bacterial Somatic Antigen Location

    • Somatic antigens are found in the bacterial cell wall.

    Lysozyme Nature

    • Lysozyme is an enzyme that targets muramic acid in bacterial cell walls.

    Toll-like Receptor Signaling Adaptor Protein

    • MyD88 is a crucial adaptor protein for most Toll-like receptor signaling pathways.

    C-reactive Protein Production

    • Liver hepatocytes produce C-reactive protein.

    Antibody Antigen Determinacy

    • Antigenicity depends on the chemical structure of the antigen.

    Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion Inhibition

    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion.

    T-Lymphocyte Subpopulations

    • T lymphocytes include CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and regulatory T cells, with CD4+ starting the process as T helper cells.

    Macrophage Cooperation with Other Cells

    • Macrophages cooperate with T cells and B cells during primary antigen recognition.

    Pathogen Evasion of Phagocytosis

    • Some pathogens, like M. tuberculosis, secrete superoxide dismutase to evade phagocytosis.

    Immune Response and Antigen Neutralization

    • The spleen is the organ for immune response to antigens by stimulating stimulation of immunocompetent cells.

    Antigen Structure

    • A complete antigen contains both a carrier molecule and an epitope.

    Antigen Classification

    • Antigens are categorized by their ability to elicit an immune response (complete or incomplete).

    Complement System Activation

    • Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) initiate the alternative pathway of complement activation.

    Phagocytosis Stages: Summary

    • Phagolysosomes are formed by the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes—a crucial step in the destruction process.

    Additional Immune Cell Functions and Interactions (Newly Added):

    • Macrophages and neutrophils are key phagocytic cells.
    • M-cells transport antigens across epithelium into MALT.
    • MALT functions for localized immune responses at mucosal surfaces –a critical function in mucosal immunity.
    • Alpha-fetoprotein is a tumor marker for embryonal tumors.
    • Secretory IgA exists as dimers or trimers.
    • The specificity of immunoglobulins is determined by their binding to a specific epitope on antigens.
    • TGF-β encourages IgA production in MALT.
    • Syncytiotrophoblasts facilitate IgG transfer from mother to fetus.
    • Rheumatoid arthritis involves targeting the synovial membrane of joints.
    • Cytokines like IL-2 activate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
    • Class II MHC molecules are crucial on antigen-presenting cells.
    • T-killer cells induce apoptosis.
    • Interferons are produced by leukocytes (particularly dendritic cells).
    • IgG is the predominant immunoglobulin in newborn blood.
    • Fc fragments of antibodies participate in the activation of various innate immune cells.
    • NK cells destroy target cells without phagocytosis.
    • MHC class II molecules and co-stimulatory signals like CD80 activate naive CD4+ T lymphocytes.
    • BCR activation is necessary for B cell response to T-dependent antigens.
    • Plasma cells produce antibodies.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential immunology concepts such as lymphocyte activity, complement component determination, and leukocyte migration inhibition reactions. Additionally, it explores the significance of ELISA in early diagnosis and the clonal selection theory. Test your knowledge on these critical immunological principles!

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