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Questions and Answers
Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies?
Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies?
What is the main function of dendritic cells?
What is the main function of dendritic cells?
Where do B lymphocytes develop?
Where do B lymphocytes develop?
What triggers B cells to proliferate into plasma cells?
What triggers B cells to proliferate into plasma cells?
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What type of immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes?
What type of immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes?
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Where do T cells mature?
Where do T cells mature?
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What type of cells are responsible for cellular immunity?
What type of cells are responsible for cellular immunity?
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Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphoid organ?
Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphoid organ?
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What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
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What is lymph?
What is lymph?
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What is the role of cytotoxic T cells (TC)?
What is the role of cytotoxic T cells (TC)?
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What is an epitope?
What is an epitope?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about antigens?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about antigens?
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Which of the following components are NOT part of the lymphoid system?
Which of the following components are NOT part of the lymphoid system?
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The type of immunity that is achieved through the production of antibodies is known as:
The type of immunity that is achieved through the production of antibodies is known as:
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Which of the following describes the function of antibodies in the immune response?
Which of the following describes the function of antibodies in the immune response?
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Which of the following is NOT a reaction of antigen-antibody binding?
Which of the following is NOT a reaction of antigen-antibody binding?
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What is the primary function of the thymus gland in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the thymus gland in the immune system?
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Flashcards
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
A part of the immune response that adapts to specific pathogens through humoral and cellular components.
Humoral Immunity
Humoral Immunity
A branch of adaptive immunity that involves antibodies produced by B cells, effective against extracellular pathogens.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
An aspect of adaptive immunity that involves T cells attacking infected or cancerous cells directly.
Components of Lymphoid Systems
Components of Lymphoid Systems
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Antigen-Antibody Binding
Antigen-Antibody Binding
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B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
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Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells
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Antigen-presenting cells
Antigen-presenting cells
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Memory Cells
Memory Cells
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Cellular Immunity
Cellular Immunity
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T Cells
T Cells
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Cytotoxic T Cells (TC)
Cytotoxic T Cells (TC)
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Helper T Cells (TH)
Helper T Cells (TH)
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Lymphoid System
Lymphoid System
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Primary Lymphoid Organs
Primary Lymphoid Organs
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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Antigens
Antigens
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Students will be able to explain or identify adaptive immunity (humoral and cellular-mediated).
- Students will be able to explain the components of the lymphoid system.
- Students will be able to explain the nature of antibodies.
- Students will be able to identify the reactions of antigen-antibody binding.
Innate Immunity
- First line of defense: skin and mucous membranes.
- Second line of defense: defensive cells, antimicrobial substances, inflammation, and fever.
- Innate immunity includes components like inflammation, phagocytosis, and the complement system.
- NK cells and interferons play a role in defense.
Adaptive Immunity
- Adaptive immunity is a slower, more specific response to pathogens.
- It targets particular antigens in a primary response.
- The immune system remembers previous pathogens for a faster, more potent secondary response.
- Adaptive immunity is divided into humoral and cellular immunity.
- Humoral immunity eliminates extracellular pathogens.
- Cellular immunity eliminates intracellular pathogens.
Lymphocytes (B and T cells)
- Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies.
- Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens.
- Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells.
- Helper T cells help activate other immune cells.
Dendritic Cells
- Dendritic cells process and present antigens to T cells.
- They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Macrophages vs. Dendritic Cells
- Macrophages and dendritic cells are types of immune cells.
- Macrophages surround and kill microorganisms or remove dead cells; they initiate inflammation and do not die after achieving their role.
- Dendritic cells boost immune responses by presenting antigens and activate by inflammatory signals but die after their role is done.
Lymphoid System
- The lymphoid system includes tissues and organs working to bring B and T cells into contact with antigens.
- This system is critical for the body to develop an appropriate immune response.
- Components include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix, and Peyer's patches.
- Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) are where immature lymphocytes are developed.
- Secondary lymphoid organs are where antigen is located for exposure to mature lymphocytes.
Nature of Antigens
- Antigens are molecules that trigger an antibody response.
- The body recognizes antigens by antigenic determinants (epitopes) on the antigen.
- They are usually proteins or large polysaccharides.
Nature of Antibodies
- Antibodies (Abs) are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens.
- They are Y-shaped molecules with two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains held together by disulfide bonds.
- Each Ab has a variable region for antigen binding (Fab) and a constant region (Fc) for complement activation.
Antibody-Antigen Binding
- Antibodies bind to specific epitopes (antigenic determinants), and when several antigens are bound, it develops precipitation or agglutination.
- Neutralization, immobilization, opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are methods of binding.
- Neutralization prevents toxins or viruses from interacting with cells.
- Immobilization prevents pathogens from using structures like flagella or pili.
- Opsonization enhances phagocytosis by marking pathogens for destruction. Complement activation involves the activation of the complement system, a group of proteins that can lead to lysis of pathogens.
Immunoglobulin Classes
- Antibodies are categorized into classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD) based on the constant regions of the heavy chains.
- Each class has distinct functions and distributions in the body.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in immunology, including the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. This quiz covers aspects such as the lymphoid system, the nature of antibodies, and the reactions of antigen-antibody binding. Enhance your knowledge of how the immune system responds to pathogens.
