Immunology Chapter Overview

<p>The healthy mice had developed immunological memory of the virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogen specific T-cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To alert and activate the adaptive immune system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying people with immunodeficiency diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The efficiency of the adaptive response against pathogens, allowing for faster response in future encounters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To rapidly and effectively neutralize the virus, preventing a lethal viral load. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability to fight off even mild infections due to a poorly functioning immune system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot develop immunological memory and behave as if encountering the virus for the first time upon the second exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detection, Designation, Recruitment, Elimination, Recurrence Prevention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By reducing the initial viral load and sending signals to activate the adaptive immune system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Despite the presence of adaptive memory, mice will have a weakened response when exposed to high viral loads a second time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To highlight the foreign origin of pathogens, directing immune cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to and kill bacteria or hinder their functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maturation of T lymphocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce substances that we cannot produce ourselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtering lymph and facilitating interaction of immune cells with antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is larger and very active during childhood, decreasing in size and activity by adolescence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are a key component of the epithelium, which is designed to prevent penetration of pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down the peptidoglycans in bacterial cell membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection is the entry of a pathogen, which then triggers an inflammatory response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind specific ligands, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By recognizing specific motifs, such as uridine-rich sequences or secondary structures, that are more common in pathogenic RNAs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To trigger an inflammatory response through TLR4 recognition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causing long-term tissue damage and loss of function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a transmembrane part of the receptor that sends signal inside the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two TLRs approach each other to form a dimer, bringing their TIR domains closer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic inflammation occurs when the trigger of inflammation is not eliminated, leading to tissue damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are present in almost all cells of the body, including those not in the immune system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To slow down or prevent the progressive loss of function of the affected tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial adherence and penetration of the epithelial barrier. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To try and understand the role of inflammation in common chronic diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens or cellular damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He discovered pathogens, formulated postulates, and identified endotoxins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endotoxin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By decreasing permeability of blood vessels near affected tissue, while allowing the entry of immune cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NF-κB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double-stranded DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in signal transduction after TLR activation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of the immune system to remember a specific pathogen and mount a more rapid and effective response upon re-exposure.

A type of immunity that is non-specific and responds rapidly to a wide range of pathogens. It involves cells like macrophages and neutrophils.

A highly specific type of immunity that develops after exposure to a specific pathogen. It involves cells like B and T lymphocytes.

A protein produced by B lymphocytes that binds to specific antigens, leading to pathogen neutralization or destruction.

A substance that triggers an immune response. It can be a protein, carbohydrate, or other molecule found on the surface of pathogens.

The site where white blood cells are produced, including B lymphocytes. It's important for antibody production.

A small gland located behind the breastbone. It's the site where T lymphocytes mature.

Small, bean-shaped organs that filter lymph and allow immune cells to interact with antigens. Key points of immune response activation.

Specialized cells that recognize and attack specific pathogens. They are responsible for the adaptive immune response's memory function.

The ability of the adaptive immune system to remember past encounters with pathogens and mount a faster and stronger response upon reinfection.

The ability of the immune system to defend the body from infection and disease.

A process that weakens the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections.

A study of how the immune system functions by observing an organism's reaction to an introduced pathogen.

A study of how the immune system functions by examining genetic mutations causing immune deficiencies.

The body's response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens or tissue damage.

The entry of harmful pathogens into the body, leading to infection.

A short-term response of the immune system to infection or injury, characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat. It aims to eliminate the harmful stimulus and promote healing.

A prolonged inflammatory response that persists for weeks, months, or even years, leading to tissue damage and loss of function.

Increased blood flow to the affected area, resulting in redness and warmth.

Increased permeability of blood vessels, leading to fluid leakage into the tissues and causing swelling.

The process by which the body returns to its normal state after injury or infection, involving tissue repair and restoration of function.

The recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection or injury, helping combat the pathogen and promote healing.

A rare genetic disorder that prevents the immune system from functioning properly, making individuals susceptible to even mild infections.

A sterile environment designed to protect individuals with compromised immune systems from external pathogens, like in the case of "Bubble Boy."

A state where the immune system is excessively active, potentially leading to harmful immune reactions against the body's own tissues.

The first line of defense against pathogens, including physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and chemical defenses like lysozyme and defensins.

The outermost layer of skin, acting as a physical barrier against pathogens.

Tight junctions between cells of the epithelium, forming a barrier that prevents pathogens from penetrating.

An enzyme found in tears and mucous membranes, breaking down the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria.

Peptides produced by epithelial cells, directly killing or inhibiting bacterial growth.

Receptors of the innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns specific to pathogens (PAMPs) or cellular damage (DAMPs). Upon detection, they trigger immune responses such as inflammation, phagocytosis and activation of adaptive cells, playing a key role in defense against infections.

A molecule present in the wall of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharides), which remains active after the death of the bacteria and causes severe inflammatory responses.

Components of the external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that trigger an inflammatory response in the host.

A type of receptor on macrophages that recognizes LPS and activates the transcription factor NF-κB.

A transcription factor activated by TLR4 that leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, triggering an immune response.

These are crucial for innate immunity and detect pathogen-specific motifs (PAMPs), such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) from viruses, or fungal compounds.

Located on the membrane or inside cells, TLRs activate signalling pathways via adaptors such as MyD88, leading to the expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α) to fight infection.

A type of inflammatory cytokine released in response to TLR activation, amplifying the immune response to fight infection.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in innate immunity by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activating immune responses. They have two main parts: the extracellular LRR domain which binds to PAMPs and the intracellular TIR domain which transmits signals into the cell.

TLR7 and TLR8 are specialized TLRs that recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) found in pathogens, like viruses, within endosomes. These TLRs distinguish pathogenic ssRNAs from host mRNA based on specific motifs, such as uridine-rich sequences or secondary structures, which are often present in viral RNAs.

Leucine-Rich Repeats (LRRs) are protein motifs that form horseshoe-shaped structures, creating binding sites for specific ligands, like PAMPs. These motifs are found in many proteins, including TLRs, and play a crucial role in pathogen recognition and immune activation.

TLR-2 and TLR-1 form a heterodimer, meaning they are composed of two different receptors. Together they create a complex structure that binds to lipopeptide lipid chains, commonly found on bacterial pathogens.

TLRs are expressed on almost every cell in the body, highlighting their critical role in recognizing pathogens throughout the organism. This emphasizes the importance of innate immunity in protecting the body from a wide range of infections.