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Questions and Answers
What condition leads to hemolytic disease of the newborn?
What condition leads to hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Which interleukin is primarily responsible for stimulating eosinophil activation in allergic reactions?
Which interleukin is primarily responsible for stimulating eosinophil activation in allergic reactions?
Which process provides specific diversity of antibodies in the immune system?
Which process provides specific diversity of antibodies in the immune system?
What technology is used to produce monoclonal antibodies?
What technology is used to produce monoclonal antibodies?
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The cytotoxicity of T-Killer cells is primarily due to what mechanism?
The cytotoxicity of T-Killer cells is primarily due to what mechanism?
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What is the primary function of regulatory T cells (Treg)?
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells (Treg)?
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Which molecule does CD4 primarily bind to for immune response initiation?
Which molecule does CD4 primarily bind to for immune response initiation?
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What is the major immunoglobulin found in upper respiratory tract secretions?
What is the major immunoglobulin found in upper respiratory tract secretions?
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Which structure is necessary for the interaction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell?
Which structure is necessary for the interaction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell?
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How does a cytotoxic T cell (T-killer) engage with infected cells?
How does a cytotoxic T cell (T-killer) engage with infected cells?
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What is the function of type I interferons (alpha and beta) in the immune response?
What is the function of type I interferons (alpha and beta) in the immune response?
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Which type of immune response is primarily associated with the binding of CD4?
Which type of immune response is primarily associated with the binding of CD4?
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In the context of viral infections, T-killers primarily interact with which structure?
In the context of viral infections, T-killers primarily interact with which structure?
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What characteristic activates NK cells?
What characteristic activates NK cells?
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What type of cells express the marker CD19?
What type of cells express the marker CD19?
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Which immune pathway do Th2 cells primarily facilitate?
Which immune pathway do Th2 cells primarily facilitate?
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What is the primary function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in immunity?
What is the primary function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in immunity?
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Which cytokine is essential for stimulating interferon-gamma production?
Which cytokine is essential for stimulating interferon-gamma production?
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Which immunoglobulins are known for having antitumor activity?
Which immunoglobulins are known for having antitumor activity?
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What is a primary reason for tumor development despite the presence of an immune response?
What is a primary reason for tumor development despite the presence of an immune response?
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Which molecule acts as a complement inhibitor?
Which molecule acts as a complement inhibitor?
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Induced tolerance is characterized by which of the following?
Induced tolerance is characterized by which of the following?
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What process transports immunoglobulins across epithelial cells to mucosal secretions?
What process transports immunoglobulins across epithelial cells to mucosal secretions?
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Which of the following factors is NOT part of the nonspecific defense immune system?
Which of the following factors is NOT part of the nonspecific defense immune system?
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Which of the following is a phagocytic cell in the human body?
Which of the following is a phagocytic cell in the human body?
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Which cells are primarily activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
Which cells are primarily activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
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What is the main role of Th1 cells in the immune system?
What is the main role of Th1 cells in the immune system?
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Which immune system is non-specific and includes B and T lymphocytes?
Which immune system is non-specific and includes B and T lymphocytes?
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What process in the thymus ensures tolerance to intrinsic antigens?
What process in the thymus ensures tolerance to intrinsic antigens?
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The determination of different types of leukocytes is best achieved through which microscopy method?
The determination of different types of leukocytes is best achieved through which microscopy method?
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What indicates a non-specific defense factor's action?
What indicates a non-specific defense factor's action?
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Which surface markers are specifically used to identify T-lymphocytes?
Which surface markers are specifically used to identify T-lymphocytes?
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Serum immunoglobulin levels are indicative of the status of which immune system?
Serum immunoglobulin levels are indicative of the status of which immune system?
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What type of assay is characterized by reactions involving labelled antigens or antibodies?
What type of assay is characterized by reactions involving labelled antigens or antibodies?
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In an ELISA assay, the antigen or antibody is typically labelled in which way?
In an ELISA assay, the antigen or antibody is typically labelled in which way?
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The EAC-rosette test is employed primarily for what purpose?
The EAC-rosette test is employed primarily for what purpose?
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Which immunoglobulin mediates immediate-type hypersensitivity (IHT)?
Which immunoglobulin mediates immediate-type hypersensitivity (IHT)?
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Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DHT) predominantly involves which type of cells?
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DHT) predominantly involves which type of cells?
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The clinical manifestation of hypersensitivity usually corresponds to which outcome?
The clinical manifestation of hypersensitivity usually corresponds to which outcome?
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Which characteristic best describes anaphylaxis?
Which characteristic best describes anaphylaxis?
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In the context of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DHT), which cells play a key role?
In the context of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DHT), which cells play a key role?
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Study Notes
Regulatory T Cells (Treg)
- Primary function: Suppress immune response
CD4 Molecule
- Binds to: MHC Class II molecules
Immunoglobulins in Respiratory Tract
- Predominant immunoglobulin: IgA
T Cell and Antigen-Presenting Cell Interaction
- Key structure: Immunological synapse
T-Killer Cell Interaction
- Key interaction for viral infections: MHC Class I molecules
Type I Interferons
- Primary function: Anti-viral immunity
NK Cell Activation
- Trigger: Absence of MHC Class I molecules
CD19 Marker
- Associated with: B cells
Th2 Cells and Immune Response
- Involved in: Allergic and antibody class switching pathways
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
- Primary function: Recognize PAMPs (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns)
Cytokines and Interferon-gamma
- Cytokine promoting interferon-gamma production: Interleukin 12 (IL-12)
Immunoglobulins with Antitumor Activity
- Include: IgG and IgM
Tumor Development and Immune Response
- Cause: Tumor antigen not recognized or targeted by the immune system
Complement Inhibitors
- Example: DAF (Decay Acceleration Factor)
Induced Tolerance
- Characteristic: Formed in life (newborn and adulthood/different times of life )
Immunoglobulin Transport
- Mechanism: Transcytosis
Phagocytic Cells
- Include: Macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
Th1 Cell Function
- Primary function: Cell-mediated immunity
Non-Specific Defense
- Excluded from the non-specific defense systems: Adaptive Immune System (B and T Lymphocytes)
- Key Characteristic: Contact with Antigen without Prior Contact
Humoral Factors of Non-Specific Defense
- Excluded: Immunoglobulin
Activation by Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
- Affected cells: Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and B cells
Thymus and Tolerance
- Process ensuring tolerance to intrinsic antigens: Negative selection
Leukocyte Identification
- Microscopy used: Light microscopy
Lymphocyte Identification
- Surface markers: CD3 and CD19
Serum Immunoglobulins
- Reflect the status of: Humoral immune system (antibodies)
Immunoassays
- Example: ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
ELISA Assay Labelling
- Common labelling method: Enzymatic labelling
EAC-Rosette Reaction
- Primary use: Determining the absolute number of lymphocytes
Immediate Hypersensitivity (IHT)
- Mediated by: IgE
Delayed Hypersensitivity (DHT)
- Involves: T lymphocytes
Hypersensitivity Manifestation
- Result: Tissue damage
Anaphylaxis
- Characteristic: Rapid onset, life-threatening allergic reaction
DHT Reaction Cells
- Involved cells: T lymphocytes
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- Cause: Rh incompatibility (or ABO incompatibility)
Eosinophil Activation
- Stimulating interleukin: IL-5
Antibody Diversity
- Mechanism: Gene recombination
Monoclonal Antibody Production
- Method: Hybridoma technology
T-Killer Cytotoxicity
- Mechanism: Enzyme perforation (of target cell membranes)
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in immunology, including the functions of regulatory T cells, interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, and the role of immunoglobulins in various immune responses. This quiz covers essential topics such as cytokines, TLRs, and immune cell interactions. Prepare to enhance your knowledge in the field of immunology!
