Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of protein A in the pathogenesis of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
What is the role of protein A in the pathogenesis of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
Aminoglycosides antibiotics have extended spectrum. Which is an example of such an antibiotic?
Aminoglycosides antibiotics have extended spectrum. Which is an example of such an antibiotic?
What is the phenylalanine deamination test indicator used for?
What is the phenylalanine deamination test indicator used for?
Which test determines antibacterial susceptibility?
Which test determines antibacterial susceptibility?
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What type of hemolysis is indicated by a streptococcal group that can completely lyse blood and appears positive for the Bacitracin test?
What type of hemolysis is indicated by a streptococcal group that can completely lyse blood and appears positive for the Bacitracin test?
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What is the primary focus of humoral immunity?
What is the primary focus of humoral immunity?
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Which cells are specifically involved in cellular immunity?
Which cells are specifically involved in cellular immunity?
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Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
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What is the key function of mast cells?
What is the key function of mast cells?
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What term refers to a complex formed between an antigen and an antibody?
What term refers to a complex formed between an antigen and an antibody?
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Which of the following statements about penicillins is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about penicillins is NOT true?
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Which of the following does NOT inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
Which of the following does NOT inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
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Which type of adverse reaction is most commonly associated with sulphonamides?
Which type of adverse reaction is most commonly associated with sulphonamides?
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Which of the following antibiotics is considered to be bacteriostatic?
Which of the following antibiotics is considered to be bacteriostatic?
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding metronidazole?
Which of the following is NOT true regarding metronidazole?
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Which of the following antibiotics function as protein synthesis inhibitors?
Which of the following antibiotics function as protein synthesis inhibitors?
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Which of the following sequences correctly depicts the flow of genetic information in cells?
Which of the following sequences correctly depicts the flow of genetic information in cells?
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Which of the following DNA sequences would be synthesized using 5'-CAGTTCGGA-3' as a template?
Which of the following DNA sequences would be synthesized using 5'-CAGTTCGGA-3' as a template?
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During elongation in translation, to which ribosomal site does an incoming charged tRNA molecule bind?
During elongation in translation, to which ribosomal site does an incoming charged tRNA molecule bind?
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During which stage of bacterial transcription is the σ subunit of the RNA polymerase involved?
During which stage of bacterial transcription is the σ subunit of the RNA polymerase involved?
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At what location is the immune response initiated?
At what location is the immune response initiated?
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What is the source of Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)?
What is the source of Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)?
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What is the first immunoglobulin produced after antigen exposure such as bacteria?
What is the first immunoglobulin produced after antigen exposure such as bacteria?
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What is a substance capable of eliciting a specific immune response?
What is a substance capable of eliciting a specific immune response?
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What is the single most important method for classifying and spectating Streptococci?
What is the single most important method for classifying and spectating Streptococci?
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Which of the following test methods is the least sensitive for diagnosing colitis caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli?
Which of the following test methods is the least sensitive for diagnosing colitis caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli?
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What mechanism does the Heat-labile toxin of ETEC use?
What mechanism does the Heat-labile toxin of ETEC use?
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Enterococci can be distinguished from nonenterococcal group D streptococci based on which characteristic?
Enterococci can be distinguished from nonenterococcal group D streptococci based on which characteristic?
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Which of the following tests is NOT primarily used for classifying Streptococci?
Which of the following tests is NOT primarily used for classifying Streptococci?
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What is a characteristic of nonenterococcal group D streptococci?
What is a characteristic of nonenterococcal group D streptococci?
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Study Notes
Immunology
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Humoral immunity: related to B-cells and antibody production
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Cellular immunity: related to T-cells and cell-mediated immune responses
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Primary lymphotic organism: bone marrow (where B-cells mature)
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Secondary lymphotic organism: spleen, lymph nodes, and other tissues (where T-cells mature)
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Mast cells: involved in allergic reactions and immune responses
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Killer cells: Natural Killer cells (NK cells) and Cytotoxic T cells
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Immunoglobulin: also known as antibodies, produced by B-cells
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Natural Killer: type of immune cell that can kill infected cells or tumor cells
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Immune Complex: formed when antibodies bind to antigens
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TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor, a cytokine involved in immune responses
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Cytokines: signaling molecules involved in immune responses
Protein A and Staphylococcus aureus
- Protein A: a bacterial surface protein that binds to the Fc portion of IgG1
Microbiology
- Aminoglycosides antibiotics: have an extended spectrum and include antibiotics such as streptomycin
- Phenylanine deamination test: used to detect the presence of bacteria
- Disc diffusion test: used to determine antibacterial susceptibility
- Beta hemolysis: a type of hemolysis caused by streptococcal group, characterized by complete hemolysis and a positive result for Bacitracin test
- Polymyxin B: a type of polymyxin antibiotic used to treat infections
Antibiotics
- Penicillins: inhibit cross-linkage of peptidoglycans in bacterial cell walls, most do not cross the blood-brain barrier, and dosage adjustment is not required in renal failure
- Norfloxacillin: inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
- Chloramphenicol: inhibits protein synthesis
- Trimethoprim: inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
- Rifampicin: inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
- Sulfasalazin: inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
- Ciprofloxacin: inhibits DNA synthesis
- Cefoxitin: inhibits cell wall synthesis
- Tobramycin: inhibits protein synthesis
- Metronidazole: used to treat giardiasis, causes a metallic taste in the mouth, and inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase
Flow of Genetic Information
- The correct sequence of genetic information flow is: DNA to RNA to protein
DNA Synthesis
- The correct DNA sequence synthesized using 5'-CAGTTCGGA-3' as a template is: 3'-GTCAAGCCT-5'
tRNA Binding Site
- During elongation in translation, the incoming charged tRNA molecule binds to the A site of the ribosome
Bacterial Transcription
- The σ subunit of the RNA polymerase is involved in the initiation stage of bacterial transcription
Transcriptional Control
- Negative transcriptional control: inhibits gene expression by blocking transcription
- Positive transcriptional control: enhances gene expression by stimulating transcription
- Both negative and positive transcriptional control can be used to regulate both inducible and repressible genes
True or False
- True: Innate immunity is antigen-independent and the first defense
- False: Thymus is the site for maturation of T cells and B cells (only T cells)
- False: Peyer patch is a mini lymph node (it is a type of lymphoid tissue)
- False: Macrophage is the only source of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (other cells can also produce IL-6)
- False: Ig M antibodies play a role in protection against helminth infection (IgE antibodies are involved in protection against helminth infection)
Immune System
- The immune response is initiated at the site of lymph nodes
- Interferon-y (IFN-y) is produced by natural killer cells and T cells
- Macrophages produce oxygen-dependent compounds, including nitric oxide
- Ig M is the first immunoglobulin produced after antigen exposure, such as bacteria
- An antigen is a substance capable of eliciting a specific immune response
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of immunology, including humoral and cellular immunity, primary and secondary lymphotic organs, and the role of different immune cells.
