32 Questions
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is associated with anti-myelin basic protein antibodies?
Multiple sclerosis
What is an example of IgG-mediated pathology?
Myasthenia gravis
Which of the following is NOT an example of autoimmune disease?
Neutrophilic vasculitis
What is a proof of autoimmunity?
Passive transfer of disease by immune effectors
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is characterized by anti-islet cell antibodies and antibodies to insulin, GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8?
Type I diabetes
What is an example of clinical responsiveness to immune suppression?
Rheumatoid arthritis
What is the term for the immune response to a harmless molecule that leads to tissue damage and even death?
Hypersensitivity
Which type of immunoglobulin is responsible for mediating immediate hypersensitivity responses?
IgE
What is the term for the inherited tendency to make immediate hypersensitivity responses?
Atopy
What is the result of mast cell degranulation and histamine release in the skin?
Wheal and flare
Which type of immune response is involved in immediate hypersensitivity responses?
Th2 response
What is the term for a harmless molecule that initiates an immune response in some people?
Allergen
What is the role of maternal IgG in the first weeks of life?
To protect the baby until its own antibody response develops
What is the mechanism of antibody-mediated pathology in Myasthenia Gravis?
Antibody to acetylcholine receptor
What is the evidence that supports the role of antibody in causing pathology in Grave's Disease?
Cross-placental transfer of disease manifestations from mother to fetus by IgG
What is the characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?
Progressive loss of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
What is the type of immune response involved in Myasthenia Gravis?
Antibody-mediated
What is the effect of immunosuppression therapy on T cell mediated autoimmune disease?
Reduces symptoms and/or progression of the disease
What is the role of CD8 T cells in Type 1 diabetes?
Mediated killing of beta cells
What is the name of the therapy that is used to treat HIV infection and has been highly effective in reducing the number of CD4 cells in the blood?
HAART
What is the treatment approach used in Type 1 diabetes?
Humanized monoclonal antibody against T cells
Which of the following immune cells is associated with allergies and has a high concentration in blood?
Eosinophil
What is the name of the disease that results from HIV infection and is characterized by a weakened immune system?
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Which of the following is an example of an iatrogenic immune deficiency?
Monoclonal anti-TNF-α therapy
What is the number of people living with HIV globally at the end of 2014?
36.9 million
Which of the following immune cells is responsible for producing antibodies?
B cell
What is the role of IL-17 in fungal infections?
It is a key component of protection from fungi
What is the main mechanism of cancer development in the context of immune surveillance?
Failure of immune surveillance
What is the effect of blocking the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1?
Stimulation of T cell activation
What is the underlying mechanism of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)?
Suppression of cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by failure of immune surveillance?
Cancer
What is the role of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)?
It infects B cells and can lead to malignant transformation
Study Notes
Immune System
- The immune system protects us from microbes, viruses, parasites, and cancer.
Innate Immunity
- Epithelial barriers, phagocytes, and NK cells provide immediate defense against infection.
Adaptive Immunity
- B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes provide specific immunity against pathogens.
Hypersensitivity
- Immune response to harmless molecules, leading to tissue damage and even death.
- Immediate hypersensitivity is an allergy, mediated by IgE, mast cells, and Th2 responses.
- Atopy is an inherited tendency to make immediate hypersensitivity responses.
- 30-50% of the population suffer from atopy.
Autoimmunity
- Immune response against self-antigens, leading to tissue damage and disease.
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, Graves' disease, and myasthenia gravis.
- Proof of autoimmunity: passive transfer of disease by immune effectors (e.g., T cells, antibodies) and clinical responsiveness to immune suppression or re-establishment of tolerance.
Immunodeficiency
- Primary immunodeficiency diseases: innate defects in the immune system.
- Secondary immunodeficiency diseases: acquired defects, e.g., HIV infection.
- Iatrogenic immune deficiency: immune-based therapies can cause secondary immune abnormalities.
Cancer
- Failure of immune surveillance, allowing tumor growth and progression.
- Cancer cells can evade the immune system by expressing PD-L1, which interacts with PD-1 on T cells.
- Blocking this interaction with antibodies can enhance anti-tumor immunity.
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD)
- In healthy individuals, B cells may be infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is normally controlled by cytotoxic T cells.
- In transplant patients, suppressed T cells can lead to malignant transformation of infected B cells, forming a B cell lymphoma.
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of immunology, including innate and adaptive immunity, types of immune cells, and their functions.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
