Immunology Basics
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following autoimmune diseases is associated with anti-myelin basic protein antibodies?

  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Graves' disease
  • Type I diabetes
  • Multiple sclerosis (correct)

    • What is an example of IgG-mediated pathology?

  • Myasthenia gravis (correct)
  • Type I diabetes
  • Autoimmune vasculitis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis

    • Which of the following is NOT an example of autoimmune disease?

  • SLE
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Type I diabetes
  • Neutrophilic vasculitis (correct)

    • What is a proof of autoimmunity?

    <p>Passive transfer of disease by immune effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following autoimmune diseases is characterized by anti-islet cell antibodies and antibodies to insulin, GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8?

    <p>Type I diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of clinical responsiveness to immune suppression?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the immune response to a harmless molecule that leads to tissue damage and even death?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is responsible for mediating immediate hypersensitivity responses?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inherited tendency to make immediate hypersensitivity responses?

    <p>Atopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mast cell degranulation and histamine release in the skin?

    <p>Wheal and flare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is involved in immediate hypersensitivity responses?

    <p>Th2 response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a harmless molecule that initiates an immune response in some people?

    <p>Allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of maternal IgG in the first weeks of life?

    <p>To protect the baby until its own antibody response develops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of antibody-mediated pathology in Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>Antibody to acetylcholine receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evidence that supports the role of antibody in causing pathology in Grave's Disease?

    <p>Cross-placental transfer of disease manifestations from mother to fetus by IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Progressive loss of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of immune response involved in Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>Antibody-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of immunosuppression therapy on T cell mediated autoimmune disease?

    <p>Reduces symptoms and/or progression of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD8 T cells in Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Mediated killing of beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the therapy that is used to treat HIV infection and has been highly effective in reducing the number of CD4 cells in the blood?

    <p>HAART</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach used in Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Humanized monoclonal antibody against T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune cells is associated with allergies and has a high concentration in blood?

    <p>Eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease that results from HIV infection and is characterized by a weakened immune system?

    <p>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an iatrogenic immune deficiency?

    <p>Monoclonal anti-TNF-α therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of people living with HIV globally at the end of 2014?

    <p>36.9 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune cells is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>B cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IL-17 in fungal infections?

    <p>It is a key component of protection from fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of cancer development in the context of immune surveillance?

    <p>Failure of immune surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of blocking the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1?

    <p>Stimulation of T cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying mechanism of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)?

    <p>Suppression of cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by failure of immune surveillance?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)?

    <p>It infects B cells and can lead to malignant transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System

    • The immune system protects us from microbes, viruses, parasites, and cancer.

    Innate Immunity

    • Epithelial barriers, phagocytes, and NK cells provide immediate defense against infection.

    Adaptive Immunity

    • B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes provide specific immunity against pathogens.

    Hypersensitivity

    • Immune response to harmless molecules, leading to tissue damage and even death.
    • Immediate hypersensitivity is an allergy, mediated by IgE, mast cells, and Th2 responses.
    • Atopy is an inherited tendency to make immediate hypersensitivity responses.
    • 30-50% of the population suffer from atopy.

    Autoimmunity

    • Immune response against self-antigens, leading to tissue damage and disease.
    • Examples: rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, Graves' disease, and myasthenia gravis.
    • Proof of autoimmunity: passive transfer of disease by immune effectors (e.g., T cells, antibodies) and clinical responsiveness to immune suppression or re-establishment of tolerance.

    Immunodeficiency

    • Primary immunodeficiency diseases: innate defects in the immune system.
    • Secondary immunodeficiency diseases: acquired defects, e.g., HIV infection.
    • Iatrogenic immune deficiency: immune-based therapies can cause secondary immune abnormalities.

    Cancer

    • Failure of immune surveillance, allowing tumor growth and progression.
    • Cancer cells can evade the immune system by expressing PD-L1, which interacts with PD-1 on T cells.
    • Blocking this interaction with antibodies can enhance anti-tumor immunity.

    Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD)

    • In healthy individuals, B cells may be infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is normally controlled by cytotoxic T cells.
    • In transplant patients, suppressed T cells can lead to malignant transformation of infected B cells, forming a B cell lymphoma.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of immunology, including innate and adaptive immunity, types of immune cells, and their functions.

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