22 Questions
What is the primary application of direct agglutination tests?
To diagnose infectious diseases
What is the advantage of using carrier particles in passive agglutination tests?
Provides consistency, uniformity, and stability
What is the result of agglutination in a direct agglutination test?
Positive result
What type of agglutination test is used to detect antibodies to viruses such as rubella and HIV-1/HIV-2?
Passive agglutination
What is the characteristic of the antigen in direct agglutination?
An intrinsic component of the particle
What is the result of no agglutination in a direct agglutination test?
Negative result
What is the primary event occurring during the sensitization phase?
Antibody molecules attaching to their corresponding antigenic sites
What is the minimum number of antibody molecules required to sensitize red cells before they form enough cross-bridges to agglutinate?
Several hundred
How does the location and concentration of antigenic determinants on the particle affect agglutination?
The larger the number of antigen sites, the more antibody will attach to the cells, thus increasing the chances of cross-bridges forming
Why can IgM agglutinate cells more easily than IgG?
Because IgM has ten antigen combining sites, whereas IgG has two
What is the role of antibody isotype in agglutination?
It affects the ability of antibodies to bridge the distance between red cells
What is the primary factor that affects the stabilization of antigen-antibody complexes?
The formation of cross-links between antibody molecules
What is the term for the antibody that interacts with antigen on the surface of particles?
Agglutinin
What is the primary phase of agglutination reaction?
Sensitization
What is the term for the antigen on the surface of particles that react with the antibody to produce agglutination?
Agglutinogen
What is the result of the interaction between an antibody and a particulate antigen?
Agglutination
What is the advantage of agglutination techniques in the clinical laboratory?
Simple and inexpensive
What is the term for the reaction that involves red blood cells?
Hemagglutination
What is the purpose of testing for antibody in agglutination reaction?
To identify the antibody in a patient sample
What is the form of agglutination that involves latex particles?
Latex agglutination
What is the term for the visible manifestation of the agglutination reaction?
Clumping
What is the purpose of the primary phase of agglutination?
To react with a single antigenic determinant on the surface of the antigen
Understand the secondary phase of antibody-antigen reactions, including lattice formation and cross-linking. Learn how Ab bridges the gap between particles, stabilizing antigen-antibody complexes. Discover the factors affecting each stage of the process.
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