Immunology and Microbiology Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of the blood bank department?

To test for immune system disorders

To identify bacteria

To study microbiology

To store and distribute blood products (correct)

What is the term for the process by which an individual's immune system reacts to a previously encountered antigen?

Immunosuppression

Immunocompromised

Autoimmune disease

Anamnestic response (correct)

What is the purpose of adding preservatives to urine specimens?

To prevent bacterial growth and contamination (correct)

To increase the specific gravity of the urine

To enhance the visibility of casts and crystals

To alter the pH of the urine

What is the name of the system that categorizes blood into four groups based on the presence or absence of specific antigens?

ABO blood group system Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of kidneys and their diseases?

Nephrology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an organism that can cause disease in a healthy individual?

Pathogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the immune system and its disorders?

Immunology Signup and view all the answers

What is the formed element of blood responsible for carrying oxygen?

Red Blood Cell (RBC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which phagocytic cells engulf and digest foreign particles and bacteria?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which an individual's immune system defends against infectious organisms?

Acquired immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of solute dissolved in a solution?

Concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the combination of antibodies and antigens that form a lattice-like structure?

Precipitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of antibody present in an individual's serum?

Titer Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin?

Bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal presence of glucose in the urine?

Glycosuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of separating blood into its component parts, such as plasma and red blood cells?

Apheresis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunology

Antigen: a substance that triggers an immune response
Antibody: a protein produced in response to an antigen, helps to neutralize or remove the antigen from the body
RhIG: Rho(D) immune globulin, a medication used to prevent hemolytic disease in newborns
RPR: rapid plasma reagin, a test used to diagnose syphilis
Agglutination: the clumping of particles or cells in response to the presence of an antibody
Monoclonal: an antibody produced by a single clone of cells
Polyclonal: an antibody produced by multiple clones of cells
Plasma cell: a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies
Immunosuppression: a state in which the immune system is unable to respond to infections or diseases
Macrophage: a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests foreign particles and bacteria

Blood and Hematology

Buffy coat: the layer of white blood cells in a blood sample
Hematocrit: the proportion of red blood cells in the blood
Hemoglobin: a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
Phagocyte: a cell that engulfs and digests foreign particles and bacteria
Anemia: a condition in which the blood lacks enough red blood cells or hemoglobin
CBC: complete blood count, a test that measures various components of the blood
RBC: red blood cell
WBC: white blood cell
PLT: platelet
Granulocyte: a type of white blood cell
Hemacytometer: a device used to count blood cells
–penia: a suffix meaning a deficiency of a particular cell type
–cytosis: a suffix meaning an increase in a particular cell type
Leukemia: a type of cancer that affects white blood cells
Purpura: a condition characterized by purple patches on the skin
DIFF: differential count, a test that identifies the different types of white blood cells in the blood

Urinalysis

Clean-catch: a method of urine collection that minimizes contamination
Urine preservation: methods used to preserve urine samples for testing, such as refrigeration or addition of preservatives
Cast: a cylindrical structure formed from proteins and cells in the urine
Crystal: a solid formed from salts in the urine
Analyte: a substance being measured or tested
CHD: coronary heart disease, a condition that affects the heart
Electrolytes: substances such as sodium, potassium, and chloride that help regulate various bodily functions
Troponin: a protein that is elevated in the blood in response to heart damage

Microbiology

Microbiology: the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Normal flora: microorganisms that normally live on or inside the body without causing disease
Pathogens: microorganisms that cause disease
Opportunistic pathogens: microorganisms that cause disease in people with weakened immune systems
Infection: the entry and multiplication of microorganisms in the body
Colony: a group of microorganisms growing together
Bacillus: a rod-shaped bacterium
Coccus: a spherical bacterium
Culture: a method of growing microorganisms in a laboratory
Gram positive/negative: a method of distinguishing between different types of bacteria based on their cell walls
Parasite: an organism that lives on or inside another organism (the host) and causes harm
Virus: a small infectious agent that replicates inside the cells of a host organism
Fungus: a type of organism that obtains its nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by forming symbiotic relationships with other organisms

Immunoglobulins and Immunity

Immunoglobulin: a protein produced by the immune system in response to an antigen
Agglutination: the clumping of particles or cells in response to the presence of an antibody
Precipitation: the formation of a solid from a solution, often in response to the presence of an antibody
Enzyme immunoassays: tests that use enzymes to detect the presence of an antibody
Radioimmunoassays: tests that use radioisotopes to detect the presence of an antibody
Allergy: an overreaction of the immune system to a harmless substance
Anamnestic response: a rapid and strong immune response to an antigen due to previous exposure
Autoimmune disease: a condition in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues
Immunocompromised: a state in which the immune system is weakened or suppressed

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Description

This quiz covers various concepts in immunology and microbiology, including types of antibodies, immune responses, and microorganisms. Test your knowledge of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, as well as the immune system's responses to them.