Microbio Immunologie

The body's defense system against pathogens (disease-causing agents).

The body's multi-layered approach to fighting infection, from physical barriers to specific immunity.

Body's immediate, non-specific defense mechanisms - the second line of defense.

The body's targeted, specific response to pathogens, also known as the third line of defense.

External barriers like skin and mucous membranes that stop pathogens from entering.

A disease-causing agent (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungus).

The activation of the body's defense mechanisms in response to infection or another foreign substance.

The body's immediate, non-specific defense system against pathogens.

External barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body, such as skin and mucous membranes.

Parts of the body that prevent pathogens from invading, like skin, mucus, and stomach acid.

Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, like macrophages and neutrophils

Immune cells that kill infected or cancerous cells.

The body's response to tissue damage or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, and pain.

An enzyme found in bodily fluids that breaks down bacterial cell walls.

The process by which cells engulf and destroy pathogens or cellular debris.

Normal bacteria that live on the body and prevent pathogens from taking over.

A severe inflammatory response, often seen in autoimmune diseases and COVID-19, caused by an overwhelming release of cytokines.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; molecules unique to pathogens, not found in the host.

Pattern recognition receptors; receptors on or in cells that recognize PAMPs.

Body's non-specific, immediate defense mechanisms against pathogens.

Specific immune response that learns and adapts to fight pathogens.

Foreign substance that triggers an immune response.

Body's own molecules mistakenly targeted by the immune system.

Specific part of an antigen recognized by an antibody.

The ability of the immune system to remember previous exposures to pathogens.

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens.

A molecule that can trigger an immune response or bind to an antibody.

The ability of a molecule to induce an immune response.

The ability of a molecule to bind to an antibody or immune cell.

Small molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic on their own.

Immune cells that produce antibodies, crucial in antibody-mediated immunity.

Proteins produced by lymphocytes B that bind to antigens.

The initial immune response upon first encounter with an antigen.

A faster and stronger immune response upon subsequent encounters with the same antigen.

Another name for antibodies, referring to their protein nature.

The way in which antigens and antibodies bind, through weak, reversible interactions.

First antibodies produced in an immune response; too large to cross the placenta.

Abundant antibodies, major players in secondary immune responses; can cross the placenta.

Delay before detectable antibodies appear in the blood after infection.

Initial immune reaction to a pathogen.

Subsequent reactions to the same pathogen, faster and stronger.

Different antibody types (like IgM and IgG) have specific roles in the immune response and immune functions.

Early antibodies produced during the initial response to an infection, important in the primary immune response, but too big to cross the placenta.

Abundant antibodies produced in a secondary immune response or subsequent infections. They can cross the placenta and provide immunity to the fetus.

Blood tests can detect the level of antibodies like IgM and IgG to determine if a person has had a recent or past infection (or vaccination).

Antibodies found in bodily secretions (like saliva, breast milk, and mucous membranes), protecting the body from pathogens on mucosal surfaces.

Antibodies that play a crucial role in activating B cells.

Antibodies important in allergic reactions and fighting parasites

The body's response to injury or infection, with three key stages: (1) Vasculature - blood vessel changes leading to redness and heat; (2) Cellular - immune cells (like neutrophils and macrophages) arrive to fight; (3) Healing - tissues repair and regenerate.

The visible indicators of the inflammatory response: Rubor (redness), Tumor (swelling), Calor (heat), Dolor (pain).

An elevated body temperature, a natural response often boosting the immune system (by hindering pathogens and speeding healing) rather than a sign of illness.

Proteins produced by cells, acting as communication signals in the immune response to pathogens or other stimuli.

A group of proteins in the blood that support and enhance the immune system by helping lyse pathogens and promote inflammation.

An excessive release of cytokines, leading to severe inflammation and potentially tissue damage.

The process of engulfing and destroying pathogens or cell debris by immune cells (like macrophages and neutrophils).

Widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to an area, a key part of the inflammatory response.

The migration of immune cells from the blood vessels to the infected tissues (a key part of the inflammatory response).

A molecule that triggers the immune system, recognized by immune cells or antibodies.

A molecule's ability to stimulate an immune response.

Ability of a molecule to bind to antibodies or immune cells.

Small molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic on their own.

Specific regions on an antigen recognized by antibodies.

Immune cells that produce antibodies to fight infections.

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens.

Initial reaction to an antigen, slower and weaker response.

Subsequent encounters (faster and stronger) due to immunological memory.

Binding between antigens and antibodies through weak, reversible bonds.

A severe inflammatory response, often triggered by an overwhelming release of cytokines.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; molecules unique to pathogens, not found in the host.

Pattern recognition receptors; receptors on or in cells that recognize PAMPs.

A molecule that triggers an immune response or binds to an antibody.

Body's own molecules mistakenly targeted by the immune system.

Specific part of an antigen recognized by an antibody.

Specific immune response that learns and adapts to fight pathogens.

Body's non-specific, immediate defense mechanisms against pathogens.

Signal molecules that coordinate immune cell activity and inflammation.

The body's response to tissue damage or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, and pain.

First antibodies produced in an immune response; too large to cross the placenta; involved in primary response

Abundant antibodies, major players in secondary immune responses; can cross the placenta

Delay before detectable antibodies appear in the blood after infection

Initial reaction to a pathogen

Subsequent reactions to the same pathogen, faster and stronger