18 Questions
Which of the following statements is correct with regards to immunological tolerance?
It is the result of immunological unresponsiveness to self antigens
Identify the mismatched items:
Neutrophil : precursor to macrophages
Which of the following statements is the most correct as it relates to innate immunity?
It occurs rapidly (begins within minutes to hours of infection).
Which of the following statements is TRUE for memory (aka secondary response) to infection?
All of these statements are true.
Choose the FALSE statement below:
Differentiated effector cells that are produced from the division of an activated lymphocyte - the parental cell - will bear receptors with a different specificity from that of the parental cell.
Which of the following options does NOT cause vasodilation?
CXCL8 (aka IL-8)
When a phagocyte engulfs a bacterium, the bacterium is taken up into a:
Phagosome
Identify the mismatch between receptor and ligand:
SR-A : antibodies
Which adhesion molecule is expressed on vascular endothelial cells and is responsible for TIGHT binding of circulating leukocytes during the emigration phase of inflammation?
ICAM-1
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which vascular permeability increases during inflammation?
Dilation of pre-capillary sphincters
Choose the TRUE statement regarding pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs):
NOD-like receptors can sense PAMPs and DAMPs in the cytosol
Which of the following cell types is first to leave the bloodstream and enter a site of acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
Choose the TRUE statement regarding the membrane attack complex (MAC):
It requires a complex of C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9.
How is the classical pathway of complement activated?
C1q attaches to an antibody that has bound a pathogen
Which of the following is NOT an anti-viral activity that is promoted by a Type-1 interferon?
Increased cytotoxic T-cell proliferation
Which of the following cells does not contain HLA-1?
RBCs
HLA-2 subtypes and indicated by the letter:
D
The HLA protein allelic variant that is associated with a greater predisposition of celiac disease is:
HLA-DQ8
Study Notes
Immunological Tolerance
- Immunological tolerance is a state of unresponsiveness to specific antigens, allowing the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self.
Innate Immunity
- The correct statement about innate immunity is that it provides immediate defense against infection, and it is not specific to a particular pathogen.
Memory Response
- Memory response (secondary response) to infection is characterized by a more rapid and intense response compared to the primary response.
Vasodilation
- Carbon dioxide does not cause vasodilation.
Phagocytosis
- During phagocytosis, a phagocyte engulfs a bacterium, which is then taken up into a phagosome.
Receptor and Ligand
- The mismatch between receptor and ligand is Toll-like receptor 4 and IgE.
Adhesion Molecules
- Selectins are expressed on vascular endothelial cells and are responsible for loose binding of circulating leukocytes during the rolling phase of inflammation.
- PECAM-1 is expressed on vascular endothelial cells and is responsible for tight binding of circulating leukocytes during the emigration phase of inflammation.
Vascular Permeability
- The increase in vascular permeability during inflammation is not caused by the release of histamine.
Pattern-Recognition Receptors
- Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and are essential for the activation of immune responses.
Acute Inflammation
- Neutrophils are the first cells to leave the bloodstream and enter a site of acute inflammation.
Membrane Attack Complex
- The membrane attack complex (MAC) is a pore-forming complex that inserts into the membrane of target cells, leading to their lysis.
Classical Pathway of Complement
- The classical pathway of complement is activated by the binding of IgM or IgG to the surface of a pathogen.
Type-1 Interferon
- Type-1 interferon does not promote the activity of cytotoxic T cells.
HLA Proteins
- Red blood cells do not contain HLA-1.
- HLA-2 subtypes are indicated by the letter DP.
- The HLA protein allelic variant that is associated with a greater predisposition of celiac disease is HLA-DQ2.
Test your knowledge about immunological tolerance with this quiz focusing on correct statements related to the topic.
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