Immunological Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does agglutination in a serum sample indicate?

  • The absence of any pathogens
  • The presence of soluble antigens
  • The presence of antibodies (correct)
  • The presence of erythrocytes only

    • Which disease can be diagnosed using agglutination tests?

  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (correct)
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Diabetes mellitus

    • In agglutination inhibition tests, what is the role of soluble antigens?

  • To identify specific pathogens
  • To enhance agglutination
  • To promote antibody production
  • To inhibit agglutination (correct)

    • What condition is required for the formation of a visible precipitate in precipitation tests?

    <p>Optimal proportions of antigen and antibody (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique quantitatively measures antigen concentration based on precipitate formation?

    <p>Radial immunodiffusion (RID) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of hemagglutination tests?

    <p>Diagnosing viral infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if antibodies are absent in an agglutination inhibition test?

    <p>RBCs clump due to viral interaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an application of agglutination tests?

    <p>Mapping genetic sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does the Indirect ELISA utilize to detect antibodies?

    <p>Enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies binding to antigen-coated plates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Sandwich ELISA, what is the primary target for detection?

    <p>Antigens captured by labeled antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the control line in Immunochromatography tests?

    <p>To confirm the test was conducted correctly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Competitive ELISA method measure antigen concentration?

    <p>Through the competition between sample antigen and labeled antigen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination of techniques does Western Blot employ for protein detection?

    <p>Electrophoresis and subsequent immunoassays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily detected using the ELISPOT technique?

    <p>The number of cytokine-secreting cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism involved in agglutination tests?

    <p>Cross-linking of antigens and antibodies leading to visible aggregates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of passive agglutination tests?

    <p>They use soluble antigens coated onto particles to detect antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application is NOT typically associated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)?

    <p>Detection of proteins in electrophoresis samples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of test can measure titers or concentrations of antibodies?

    <p>Quantitative tests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Coombs tests is incorrect?

    <p>Coombs tests exclusively use soluble antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines agglutination in the context of immunological tests?

    <p>The clumping of cells due to binding of antibodies to antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage associated with the use of antiserum?

    <p>Each bleed can yield different results due to variability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application of antiserum is incorrect?

    <p>Using it solely for qualitative analysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hemagglutination refer to?

    <p>The process of red blood cell clumping. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of tests based on antigen-antibody reactions?

    <p>They may yield inconsistent results based on antibody specificity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    ELISA Principle

    Uses enzyme-linked secondary antibodies to detect antigens or antibodies by measuring color change after adding a substrate.

    Indirect ELISA

    Detects antibodies by using antigen-coated plates.

    Sandwich ELISA

    Detects antigens by using antibody-coated plates.

    Competitive ELISA

    Measures antigen concentration by having sample antigen compete with a labeled antigen.

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    Western Blot

    Combines electrophoresis and immunoassays to detect specific proteins.

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    Immunochromatography Principle

    Separates and detects antigens/antibodies using lateral flow techniques.

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    Immunochromatography Method (step 1)

    Sample application, where sample antigens bind to colored particle-coated antibodies.

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    Immunochromatography Method (step 2)

    The complex (antigen and antibodies) migrates along the test strip.

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    Agglutination

    A process where antibodies cause antigens to clump together, making them visible.

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    Agglutination inhibition test

    A test that detects viruses or antiviral antibodies by blocking agglutination.

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    Hemagglutination

    Clumping of red blood cells caused by a virus.

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    Equivalence zone

    Optimal proportion of antigen and antibody for precipitation.

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    Radial Immunodiffusion (RID)

    A quantitative precipitation test using an agarose gel.

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    Precipitation tests

    Tests that detect antigens and antibodies based on precipitate formation.

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    Antibodies

    Proteins produced by the immune system to combat antigens.

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    Antigens

    Substances that trigger an immune response.

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    Antiserum application

    Antiserum is widely used in therapies and can be modified for specific tasks.

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    Cross-reactivity risk

    Antiserum's effectiveness might be reduced if antigens share similar epitopes.

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    Agglutination test

    A test that detects clumping of particles (cells or beads) due to antibody-antigen binding.

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    Passive agglutination

    A technique where soluble antigens are attached to particles to detect antibodies.

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    Coombs test (direct)

    Identifies if antibodies or complement proteins are bound to red blood cells.

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    Coombs test (indirect)

    Identifies presence of antibodies in a patient serum.

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    Antigen-Antibody Tests

    Tests that identify either antigens or antibodies.

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    Study Notes

    Immunological Techniques

    • Immunological techniques are methods used to study the immune system and its components.
    • Antibody immobilization involves capturing antibodies (capture antibodies) and using a secondary antibody for detection.
    • Antigen-antibody reactions are based on non-covalent bonds, including hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic bonds.
    • Multiple bonds contribute to strong binding, despite the individual bonds being weak.
    • The binding is reversible.
    • High-affinity interactions are stronger than low-affinity interactions.
    • Avidity describes the overall strength of antigen-antibody binding, considering the number of binding sites.
    • Specificity refers to an antibody's ability to exclusively recognize a single antigenic determinant.
    • Cross-reactivity occurs when an antibody reacts with similar or shared epitopes on different antigens.
    • Factors Affecting Ag/Ab Reactions include the antigen antibody ratio and the physical form of the antigen (soluble or particulate).
    • Soluble antigens can remain in solution, or precipitate if the concentration is high enough.
    • Particulate antigens, such as blood cells or viruses, can form visible aggregates through agglutination when combining with antibodies.
    • Equivalence describes the optimal antigen-antibody ratio where visible lattice formation (precipitation) results.

    Types of Antibodies

    • Monoclonal antibodies are a homogenous population produced by a single clone of plasma B cells, recognizing a particular epitope on a specific antigen. They are commonly used for therapies and are adaptable for diverse applications.
    • Polyclonal antibodies are a heterogeneous population produced by different clones of plasma B cells, recognizing different epitopes on a particular antigen. They are useful for detection, but the results may vary between samples due to diverse production.

    Tests Based on Antigen-Antibody Reactions

    • These tests can detect either antigens or antibodies.
    • Qualitative tests measure the presence or absence of agglutination.
    • Quantitative tests measure the concentration of antigens or antibodies (titers).
    • Agglutination and Hemagglutination tests detect clumping of particles (or cells, like red blood cells).
    • Passive agglutination involves coating soluble antigens onto particles for antibody detection.
    • Coombs tests (direct and indirect) detect antibodies or complement proteins attached to red blood cells.
    • Agglutination inhibition tests are used to detect the presence of viruses or antiviral antibodies.

    Precipitation Tests

    • Precipitation tests involve the formation of visible precipitates in solution or gel matrices.
    • Equivalence is the zone of optimal antigen and antibody proportions for maximal precipitation formation.
    • Radial Immunodiffusion (RID) is a quantitative method using antigens and antibodies in an agarose gel to measure antigen concentration.
    • Immunoelectrophoresis combines electrophoresis and immunodiffusion to analyze complex antigen mixtures.
    • Countercurrent electrophoresis allows the detection of antigen-antibody reactions with different charge antigens.

    Radioimmunoassays (RIAs)

    • Competitive RIAs use unlabeled antigens to compete with radiolabeled antigens for antibody binding.
    • Non-competitive RIAs measure the amount of labeled antibody bound to immobilised antigens.

    Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs)

    • ELISAs use enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies for detecting antigens and antibodies.
    • Direct ELISA, Indirect ELISA, Sandwich ELISA, and Competitive ELISA are different variations of this test.

    Western Blotting (Immunoblotting)

    • Western blotting combines electrophoresis and immunoassays to detect specific proteins.

    Immunochromatography

    • Immunochromatography uses lateral flow and a conjugate pad for antigen-antibody interaction and colored particle migration to detect antigens.
    • A control line ensures the test is functioning correctly.

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    Related Documents

    Immunological Techniques PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on immunological techniques, including antibody immobilization and antigen-antibody interactions. This quiz covers key concepts such as avidity, specificity, and factors affecting antigen-antibody reactions. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the complexities of the immune system!

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