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Questions and Answers
What does agglutination in a serum sample indicate?
What does agglutination in a serum sample indicate?
Which disease can be diagnosed using agglutination tests?
Which disease can be diagnosed using agglutination tests?
In agglutination inhibition tests, what is the role of soluble antigens?
In agglutination inhibition tests, what is the role of soluble antigens?
What condition is required for the formation of a visible precipitate in precipitation tests?
What condition is required for the formation of a visible precipitate in precipitation tests?
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Which technique quantitatively measures antigen concentration based on precipitate formation?
Which technique quantitatively measures antigen concentration based on precipitate formation?
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What is the primary application of hemagglutination tests?
What is the primary application of hemagglutination tests?
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What occurs if antibodies are absent in an agglutination inhibition test?
What occurs if antibodies are absent in an agglutination inhibition test?
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Which of the following is NOT an application of agglutination tests?
Which of the following is NOT an application of agglutination tests?
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What principle does the Indirect ELISA utilize to detect antibodies?
What principle does the Indirect ELISA utilize to detect antibodies?
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In the context of Sandwich ELISA, what is the primary target for detection?
In the context of Sandwich ELISA, what is the primary target for detection?
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What is the main purpose of the control line in Immunochromatography tests?
What is the main purpose of the control line in Immunochromatography tests?
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How does the Competitive ELISA method measure antigen concentration?
How does the Competitive ELISA method measure antigen concentration?
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What combination of techniques does Western Blot employ for protein detection?
What combination of techniques does Western Blot employ for protein detection?
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What is primarily detected using the ELISPOT technique?
What is primarily detected using the ELISPOT technique?
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What is the main mechanism involved in agglutination tests?
What is the main mechanism involved in agglutination tests?
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What is a key characteristic of passive agglutination tests?
What is a key characteristic of passive agglutination tests?
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Which application is NOT typically associated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)?
Which application is NOT typically associated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)?
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Which type of test can measure titers or concentrations of antibodies?
Which type of test can measure titers or concentrations of antibodies?
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Which statement about Coombs tests is incorrect?
Which statement about Coombs tests is incorrect?
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What defines agglutination in the context of immunological tests?
What defines agglutination in the context of immunological tests?
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What is a major disadvantage associated with the use of antiserum?
What is a major disadvantage associated with the use of antiserum?
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Which application of antiserum is incorrect?
Which application of antiserum is incorrect?
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What does hemagglutination refer to?
What does hemagglutination refer to?
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What is a limitation of tests based on antigen-antibody reactions?
What is a limitation of tests based on antigen-antibody reactions?
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Study Notes
Immunological Techniques
- Immunological techniques are methods used to study the immune system and its components.
- Antibody immobilization involves capturing antibodies (capture antibodies) and using a secondary antibody for detection.
- Antigen-antibody reactions are based on non-covalent bonds, including hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic bonds.
- Multiple bonds contribute to strong binding, despite the individual bonds being weak.
- The binding is reversible.
- High-affinity interactions are stronger than low-affinity interactions.
- Avidity describes the overall strength of antigen-antibody binding, considering the number of binding sites.
- Specificity refers to an antibody's ability to exclusively recognize a single antigenic determinant.
- Cross-reactivity occurs when an antibody reacts with similar or shared epitopes on different antigens.
- Factors Affecting Ag/Ab Reactions include the antigen antibody ratio and the physical form of the antigen (soluble or particulate).
- Soluble antigens can remain in solution, or precipitate if the concentration is high enough.
- Particulate antigens, such as blood cells or viruses, can form visible aggregates through agglutination when combining with antibodies.
- Equivalence describes the optimal antigen-antibody ratio where visible lattice formation (precipitation) results.
Types of Antibodies
- Monoclonal antibodies are a homogenous population produced by a single clone of plasma B cells, recognizing a particular epitope on a specific antigen. They are commonly used for therapies and are adaptable for diverse applications.
- Polyclonal antibodies are a heterogeneous population produced by different clones of plasma B cells, recognizing different epitopes on a particular antigen. They are useful for detection, but the results may vary between samples due to diverse production.
Tests Based on Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- These tests can detect either antigens or antibodies.
- Qualitative tests measure the presence or absence of agglutination.
- Quantitative tests measure the concentration of antigens or antibodies (titers).
- Agglutination and Hemagglutination tests detect clumping of particles (or cells, like red blood cells).
- Passive agglutination involves coating soluble antigens onto particles for antibody detection.
- Coombs tests (direct and indirect) detect antibodies or complement proteins attached to red blood cells.
- Agglutination inhibition tests are used to detect the presence of viruses or antiviral antibodies.
Precipitation Tests
- Precipitation tests involve the formation of visible precipitates in solution or gel matrices.
- Equivalence is the zone of optimal antigen and antibody proportions for maximal precipitation formation.
- Radial Immunodiffusion (RID) is a quantitative method using antigens and antibodies in an agarose gel to measure antigen concentration.
- Immunoelectrophoresis combines electrophoresis and immunodiffusion to analyze complex antigen mixtures.
- Countercurrent electrophoresis allows the detection of antigen-antibody reactions with different charge antigens.
Radioimmunoassays (RIAs)
- Competitive RIAs use unlabeled antigens to compete with radiolabeled antigens for antibody binding.
- Non-competitive RIAs measure the amount of labeled antibody bound to immobilised antigens.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs)
- ELISAs use enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies for detecting antigens and antibodies.
- Direct ELISA, Indirect ELISA, Sandwich ELISA, and Competitive ELISA are different variations of this test.
Western Blotting (Immunoblotting)
- Western blotting combines electrophoresis and immunoassays to detect specific proteins.
Immunochromatography
- Immunochromatography uses lateral flow and a conjugate pad for antigen-antibody interaction and colored particle migration to detect antigens.
- A control line ensures the test is functioning correctly.
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Description
Test your knowledge on immunological techniques, including antibody immobilization and antigen-antibody interactions. This quiz covers key concepts such as avidity, specificity, and factors affecting antigen-antibody reactions. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the complexities of the immune system!
