Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of administering a vaccine?
What is the primary goal of administering a vaccine?
- To cure diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and cancer
- To directly combat an existing infection.
- To immediately neutralize all pathogens in the body.
- To provide the individual with memory cells against a specific epitope. (correct)
What does the term 'titer' refer to in the context of vaccination?
What does the term 'titer' refer to in the context of vaccination?
- A method to measure antibody levels in blood serum. (correct)
- The active microbes that stimulate a strong immune response.
- The specific harmless version of an epitope found in a vaccine.
- The process of reducing virulence in pathogens used in vaccines.
Why might a booster vaccination be recommended based on titer results?
Why might a booster vaccination be recommended based on titer results?
- To raise antibody levels when the titer is low. (correct)
- To eliminate memory cells.
- To provide immediate protection against an ongoing infection.
- To decrease antibody levels in the blood.
What is the significance of an attenuated vaccine?
What is the significance of an attenuated vaccine?
Which of the following describes a potential risk associated with attenuated vaccines?
Which of the following describes a potential risk associated with attenuated vaccines?
Which type of vaccine is typically safer than live vaccines, but often requires multiple doses to achieve full immunity?
Which type of vaccine is typically safer than live vaccines, but often requires multiple doses to achieve full immunity?
What are adjuvants and why are they included in some inactivated vaccines?
What are adjuvants and why are they included in some inactivated vaccines?
Subunit vaccines, preferred for immunosuppressed individuals, use which part of the microbe?
Subunit vaccines, preferred for immunosuppressed individuals, use which part of the microbe?
Why do toxoid vaccines typically require multiple doses?
Why do toxoid vaccines typically require multiple doses?
What is the primary component used in mRNA vaccines to stimulate an immune response?
What is the primary component used in mRNA vaccines to stimulate an immune response?
Against what types of pathogens can vaccinations be effective?
Against what types of pathogens can vaccinations be effective?
Which of the following is a known problem related to vaccines?
Which of the following is a known problem related to vaccines?
What is a potential safety concern associated with attenuated vaccines related to 'residual virulence'?
What is a potential safety concern associated with attenuated vaccines related to 'residual virulence'?
What does the effectiveness of a vaccine depend on?
What does the effectiveness of a vaccine depend on?
What is the function of a vaccine
What is the function of a vaccine
What does the titer represent?
What does the titer represent?
Which of the following represents a attenuated vaccine.
Which of the following represents a attenuated vaccine.
Adjuvants are most commonly found in what type of vaccination
Adjuvants are most commonly found in what type of vaccination
What type of vaccine possess few antigenic determinants?
What type of vaccine possess few antigenic determinants?
Who are subunit vaccines often preferred for?
Who are subunit vaccines often preferred for?
Flashcards
Vaccine
Vaccine
A harmless version of a specific epitope, which provides memory cells against that epitope.
Titer
Titer
A method to measure antibody levels in blood serum, indicating the level of immunity against a specific antigen.
Attenuation
Attenuation
The process of reducing virulence of a pathogen.
Attenuated Vaccines
Attenuated Vaccines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inactivated Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adjuvants
Adjuvants
Signup and view all the flashcards
Subunit Vaccines
Subunit Vaccines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Toxoid Vaccines
Toxoid Vaccines
Signup and view all the flashcards
mRNA Vaccine
mRNA Vaccine
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
- Chapter 17 is about Immunization
Vaccination
- Vaccine is a harmless version of a specific epitope
- Goal is to provide individuals with memory cells against a certain epitope
- To ensure protection, most vaccinations require an initial dose with at least one booster
- A vaccine's effectiveness is determined by a Titer
Titer
- Specific to each epitope
- Measurement of antibody levels in blood serum
- In testing, serum is serially diluted and tested for agglutinating activity
- Titer is the determined by the highest dilution of serum giving a positive reaction
- A booster vaccination can be given to raise the level if the titer is low
- Titer is a reflection of protection, but not guaranteed
- The actual antibody level is not protective against infection, but represents the presence of memory cells
- A titer is often not obtained before a booster, except for certain diseases
Vaccine Types
- Include Attenuated (modified live) vaccines, Inactivated (killed) vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, and mRNA
- Attenuated vaccines use pathogens with reduced virulence
- The process of reducing virulence is called attenuation
- Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response
- A problem can occur if modified microbes retain enough residual virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals
- Examples of attenuated vaccines include Chicken Pox and MMR
- Inactivated vaccines are safer than live vaccines
- Inactivated vaccines often require multiple doses to achieve full immunity
- Inactivated vaccines often contain adjuvants
- Adjuvants are chemicals added to increase effective antigenicity
- Meningococcal and Rabies are an example of inactivated vaccines
- Subunit vaccines are preferred for immunosuppressed individuals
- Only a portion of the microbe is used in subunit vaccines with examples including capsid and glycoprotein
- Subunit vaccines typically result in strong immunity but may require several boosters to initiate
- Subunit vaccines are safe to give to those with weakened immune systems
- Examples of subunit vaccines include Whooping cough and Influenza
- Toxoid vaccines are against toxins
- Toxoid vaccines use chemically or thermally modified toxins to stimulate active immunity
- Toxoid vaccines are useful for some bacterial diseases
- Toxoid vaccines require multiple doses because toxoids possess few antigenic determinants
- Examples of toxoid vaccines include Tetanus and Diphtheria
- mRNA vaccines are a relatively new technology and have been experimentally used for decades
- Only pieces of the RNA are introduced causing the host to produce microbial proteins
- These initially require ultracold storage
- Side effects from mRNA vaccines still need to be determined
- Covid is an example of an mRNA vaccine
Vaccination
- Vaccinations can be against bacteria, viruses, and even cancer
- Vaccinations have eliminated deadly diseases like smallpox
- Problems can arise if effective vaccines are not available for some pathogens
- Problems occur when many developing nations do not receive vaccines
- Problems occur from individuals electing not to vaccinate
Vaccine Safety
- Problems associated with immunization include residual virulence from attenuated vaccines
- Problems associated with immunization include the risk of anaphylactic shock and allergic reactions
- Egg and adjuvant can cause anaphylactic shock and allergic reactions
- There are allegations that certain vaccines can cause autism, diabetes, and asthma
- Research has not substantiated these allegations
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
