Immunization and Vaccines Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following diseases can be prevented by vaccines? (Select all that apply)

  • Measles (correct)
  • Tetanus (correct)
  • Influenza (correct)
  • Cancer

Live-attenuated vaccines are derived from disease-causing pathogens that have been weakened.

True (A)

What is the purpose of immunization?

To make a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease.

Which type of vaccine uses killed microorganisms?

<p>Inactivated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in _____.

<p>1976</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of vaccines with their examples:

<p>Live-attenuated = Oral polio vaccine (OPV) Inactivated = Inactivated polio virus (IPV) Subunit = Hepatitis B (HepB) Toxoid = Tetanus toxoid (TT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Immunization

  • Immunization is the process of making a person resistant to an infectious disease.
  • Vaccines stimulate the immune system to protect against infection.
  • Immunization prevents 2-3 million deaths annually and is a cost-effective health intervention that is accessible to all.

Immunity

  • Immunity is the state of being protected from a specific disease.
  • The body tolerates its own material and eliminates foreign substances.

Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)

  • EPI was founded in 1976 to provide infants, children, and mothers access to routine vaccines.

Vaccines

  • Vaccines protect against more than 25 debilitating or life-threatening illnesses.
  • Vaccines are categorized based on the antigen used in their preparation.

Types of Vaccines

  • Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV)
    • Developed in the 1950s.
    • Contain weakened pathogens that can grow in the body without causing severe illness.
    • Examples: BCG, OPV, Measles, Rotavirus, Yellow fever.
  • Inactivated vaccines (killed antigen)
    • Contain pathogens that have been killed through physical or chemical processes.
    • Unable to cause disease.
    • Examples: wP, IPV.
  • Subunit vaccines (purified antigen)
    • Protein-based subunit vaccines: Present an antigen to the immune system without including viral particles, using a specific isolated protein of the pathogen.
    • Examples: aP, HepB.
    • Polysaccharide: Examples: Pneumococcal, Meningococcal, Salmonella typhi.
    • Conjugate:
  • Toxoid vaccines
    • Use a harmless version of a toxin (toxoid) to elicit immunity.
    • Examples: Tetanus toxoid (TT), Diphtheria toxoid.

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