Immunity Explained
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Questions and Answers

Which antibody is involved in blood ABO type incompatibility reaction?

  • IgE
  • IgA
  • IgG
  • IgM (correct)

Which lymphocyte destroys antigens, cancer cells, and virus-infected cells?

  • B lymphocytes
  • Memory T cells
  • T lymphocytes (correct)
  • Helper T cells

Which chemical mediator causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain?

  • Prostaglandins
  • Complement
  • Histamine
  • Kinins (correct)

What is the role of mast cells in the immune response?

<p>Chemical mediator release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphocyte is involved in humoral immunity and becomes an antibody-producing plasma cell?

<p>B lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of complement in the immune response?

<p>Chemotaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of natural active immunity?

<p>Pathogens entering the body and causing illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell mediated immunity is primarily effective against which of the following?

<p>Viruses inside body cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) in the immune response?

<p>Detecting changes in cell membranes altered by viruses or cancerous changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do B lymphocytes primarily act in the immune response?

<p>By producing antibodies or immunoglobulins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rejection process in tissue and organ transplantation primarily mediated by?

<p>Type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of innate immunity?

<p>Physical and chemical barriers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissue and cause inflammation and tissue destruction?

<p>Type III (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disorder?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary infectious agent responsible for AIDS?

<p>HIV type 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is HIV primarily transmitted?

<p>Through body fluids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of immunodeficiency in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

<p>Loss of immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

<p>To stimulate the immune system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is used to confirm HIV-1 positivity and eliminate a false negative?

<p>Nucleic acid test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs can reduce the replication of HIV viruses, but do not kill the virus?

<p>Antiviral drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is commonly known as AZT?

<p>Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of HIV treatment?

<p>To minimize the effects of complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do immuno-diagnostics tests assess?

<p>Levels and functional quality of serum immunoglobulins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are immuno-therapeutics tests used for?

<p>Treating viral infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid structure involved in the immune system?

<p>Kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do all immune cells originate?

<p>Bone marrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells provide the specific mechanism for identification and removal of foreign material?

<p>B cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major components of the immune system?

<p>Lymphoid structures, immune cells, and chemical mediators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissues are involved in immune development?

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?

<p>Maturation of immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The immune system consists of lymphoid structures, immune cells, tissues concerned with immune development and chemical mediators.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: All immune cells originate in the bone marrow and the bone marrow and thymus have roles in the maturation of the cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Immune cells or lymphocytes, as well as macrophages, provide the specific mechanism for identification and removal of foreign material.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Antiviral drugs can kill the HIV virus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Immuno-diagnostics tests assess the titer of specific antibodies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Immuno-therapeutics tests are used to evaluate immunity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Innate immunity is the first line of defense that is immediate, non-specific, and has memory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Antigen receptor diversity refers to the ability of B and T cells to recognize and bind to a wide range of antigens.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: MHC molecules are located on chromosome 6 and play a role in the activation and regulation of the immune response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The primary immune response occurs when a person is first exposed to an antigen and has no memory, resulting in a slower and lower antibody production compared to a secondary immune response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Memory cells play a crucial role in the secondary immune response by quickly stimulating the production of large numbers of matching antibodies or T cells upon repeat exposure to the same antigen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals in the skin and mucous membranes, causing inflammation when linked to an allergen.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Chronic rejection occurs within weeks after transplantation and is characterized by lack of blood flow to the transplanted tissue.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve the formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissue and cause inflammation and tissue destruction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Immunodeficiency results in a compromised or absent immune response to fight off foreign substances.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following HIV diagnostic tests with their primary usage:

<p>Blood test for HIV antibodies = Primary test for HIV detection HIV-1/HIV-2 antigen/antibody differentiation = Identification between HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies Nucleic acid test = Confirmation of HIV-1 positivity and elimination of false negatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of drugs with their role in HIV treatment:

<p>Non Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors = Reduces replication of HIV viruses Protease inhibitors = Prevents maturation of virus particles Fusion inhibitors = Prevents HIV from entering cells CCR5 antagonists = Blocks HIV entry into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immuno-diagnostics with their purpose:

<p>Assessing levels of serum immunoglobulins = Determining the functional quality of serum immunoglobulins Titer of specific antibodies = Assessing the presence of specific antibodies Indirect Coombs test = Detecting Rh blood incompatibility Screening for HIV infection = Checking for levels of HIV antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immuno-therapeutics with their effect on HIV:

<p>Antiviral drugs = Reduces replication of viruses, but does not kill them Combination of 3-5 drugs = Prolongs the latent phase of HIV AZT = Best known drug for HIV treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic tests with their primary usage in evaluating immunity:

<p>Assessing levels and functional quality of serum immunoglobulins = Determining the functional quality of serum immunoglobulins Titer of specific antibodies = Assessing the presence of specific antibodies Checking for levels of antibodies in pregnant women = Establishing potential complications in pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

IgM antibodies

Antibodies involved in ABO blood type reactions, causing incompatibility.

Cytotoxic T cells

T lymphocytes that destroy antigens, cancer, and virus-infected cells.

Bradykinin

A mediator causing vasodilation, increased permeability, and pain.

Mast cells

Cells that release histamine during allergies and inflammation.

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B lymphocytes

Cells responsible for humoral immunity by producing antibodies.

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Complement system

Enhances immune response via opsonization and inflammation.

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Natural active immunity

Immunity from pathogen exposure, leading to antibody production.

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Cell-mediated immunity

Immune response primarily against intracellular pathogens like viruses.

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MHC molecules

Present antigens to T cells for immune recognition.

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B lymphocytes function

Produces antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

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Transplant rejection

Primarily mediated by T lymphocytes in cell-mediated response.

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Innate immunity

Immediate, non-specific response with no memory.

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Type III hypersensitivity

Involves immune complexes that cause tissue inflammation and damage.

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Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks body tissues.

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HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

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HIV transmission

Occurs mainly through sexual contact, needles, and childbirth.

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AIDS immunodeficiency

Results from destruction of CD4+ T cells by HIV.

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Vaccine purpose

To stimulate the immune system for protective immunity.

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HIV-1 antibody test

A test confirming HIV status and reducing false negatives.

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Antiretroviral drugs

Help reduce HIV replication but do not kill the virus.

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AZT (zidovudine)

An antiretroviral medication used in HIV treatment.

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Hematopoietic stem cells

Stem cells in bone marrow that produce immune cells.

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Lymphocytes and macrophages

Key immune cells for identifying and removing foreign materials.

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Lymphoid tissues

Major components of the immune system involved in immune responses.

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Thymus function

Essential for T cell maturation and adaptive immune response.

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Primary immune response

Occurs during first antigen exposure with slower antibody production.

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Memory cells

Vital for rapid production of antibodies or T cells during repeat exposure.

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Chronic rejection

Occurs weeks post-transplant, leading to tissue blood flow issues.

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Hypersensitivity reactions

Overreactions of the immune system to antigens.

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Type II hypersensitivity

Involves direct tissue destruction rather than immune complexes.

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Study Notes

Antibodies and Immune Response

  • ABO blood type incompatibility reactions are mediated by IgM antibodies.
  • T lymphocytes (specifically cytotoxic T cells) target and destroy antigens, cancer cells, and virus-infected cells.
  • Bradykinin, a chemical mediator, causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and induces pain.
  • Mast cells play a pivotal role by releasing histamine and other mediators during allergic reactions and inflammation.

Lymphocytes and Immunity

  • B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity, transforming into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
  • The complement system enhances the immune response by promoting opsonization, inflammation, and pathogen destruction.

Immunity Types and Hypersensitivity

  • Natural active immunity occurs when an individual is exposed to a pathogen and develops immunity through infection and antibody production.
  • Cell-mediated immunity is primarily effective against intracellular pathogens, including viruses and some fungi.
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present antigens to T cells, playing a crucial role in immune recognition.

Immune Function and Rejection

  • B lymphocytes primarily function through the production of antibodies that neutralize pathogens.
  • Tissue and organ transplant rejection is primarily mediated by T lymphocytes (cell-mediated response).
  • Innate immunity is characterized by its immediate response, non-specificity, and lack of immunological memory.

Hypersensitivity Reactions and Autoimmunity

  • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue destruction.
  • An example of an autoimmune disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.

HIV and AIDS

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the primary infectious agent responsible for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
  • HIV is predominantly transmitted through sexual contact, sharing needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
  • Immunodeficiency in AIDS results from the destruction of CD4+ T cells by the HIV virus.
  • The purpose of a vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protective immunity without causing disease.

Diagnostic Tests and Treatments for HIV

  • The HIV-1 antibody test is commonly used to confirm positive HIV status and help eliminate false negatives.
  • Antiretroviral drugs reduce HIV replication but do not directly kill the virus.
  • AZT, also known as zidovudine, is an antiretroviral medication used in HIV treatment.

Immune Cells and Structures

  • Immune cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
  • Specific immune functions for identification and removal of foreign materials are carried out by lymphocytes and macrophages.
  • Major components of the immune system include lymphoid tissues, immune cells, and chemical mediators.
  • The thymus is essential for T cell maturation and plays a critical role in the adaptive immune response.

True or False

  • The immune system consists of lymphoid structures, immune cells, tissues for immune development, and chemical mediators: True.
  • All immune cells originate in the bone marrow, with bone marrow and thymus involved in maturation: True.
  • Immune cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages, provide specific mechanisms for foreign material identification and removal: True.
  • Antiviral drugs can kill the HIV virus: False.
  • Immuno-diagnostics tests assess antibody titers: True.
  • Immuno-therapeutics tests evaluate immunity: True.
  • Innate immunity is the first line of defense, immediate, non-specific, and lacks memory: True.
  • Antigen receptor diversity allows B and T cells to recognize a wide range of antigens: True.
  • MHC molecules are located on chromosome 6 and are crucial in activating and regulating the immune response: True.
  • Primary immune response occurs upon first antigen exposure without memory, resulting in slower antibody production compared to secondary response: True.
  • Memory cells are vital for rapid antibody or T cell production during repeat antigen exposure: True.
  • Mast cells release histamine causing inflammation upon allergen linkage: True.
  • Chronic rejection occurs weeks post-transplant characterized by blood flow deficiency to grafted tissue: True.
  • Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complex formation leading to tissue destruction: False.
  • Immunodeficiency results in a weakened immune response against foreign substances: True.

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Description

Learn about different types of immunity with this quiz! Test your knowledge on natural active immunity, artificial active immunity, and natural passive immunity. Explore how pathogens enter the body, the formation of antibodies, and the role of vaccines.

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