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The complement is a family of more than twenty different proteins in serum that function as a non-specific defense against ______.
The complement is a family of more than twenty different proteins in serum that function as a non-specific defense against ______.
infection
Interferons are small proteins produced by eukaryotic cells in response to ______ infection.
Interferons are small proteins produced by eukaryotic cells in response to ______ infection.
viral
Alveolar macrophages, along with neutrophils and natural killer cells, remove particles and organisms that enter the ______.
Alveolar macrophages, along with neutrophils and natural killer cells, remove particles and organisms that enter the ______.
alveoli
Normal flora refers to the large number of microorganisms in the human body that are generally ______.
Normal flora refers to the large number of microorganisms in the human body that are generally ______.
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The inflammatory response is the vascular and cellular reaction to the presence of invading microorganisms or ______.
The inflammatory response is the vascular and cellular reaction to the presence of invading microorganisms or ______.
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The process of inflammation may be divided into several stages, including initiation, tissue response, leukocyte response, and ______.
The process of inflammation may be divided into several stages, including initiation, tissue response, leukocyte response, and ______.
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Damaged cells at the site of injury release chemical factors such as ______, which trigger vasodilatation.
Damaged cells at the site of injury release chemical factors such as ______, which trigger vasodilatation.
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Phagocytic cells accomplish the leukocyte response by ______ the microbes and damaged tissue.
Phagocytic cells accomplish the leukocyte response by ______ the microbes and damaged tissue.
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Blood clots around the site prevent the microbe or its products from spreading to the other part of the ______.
Blood clots around the site prevent the microbe or its products from spreading to the other part of the ______.
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Some individuals of the same race and same species can have varied experiences with certain ______.
Some individuals of the same race and same species can have varied experiences with certain ______.
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Very old people and young ones are more susceptible to infections when compared to ______.
Very old people and young ones are more susceptible to infections when compared to ______.
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Any individual under corticosteroid hormone treatment is more susceptible to ______.
Any individual under corticosteroid hormone treatment is more susceptible to ______.
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Individuals of different races within the same species have varied susceptibility or resistance toward ______.
Individuals of different races within the same species have varied susceptibility or resistance toward ______.
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Sickle cell anaemia causes an alteration of the shape of the ______, which prevents its parasitisation.
Sickle cell anaemia causes an alteration of the shape of the ______, which prevents its parasitisation.
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Physical and chemical barriers prevent the entry of foreign ______.
Physical and chemical barriers prevent the entry of foreign ______.
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Gastric acidity, whose high pH prevents the entry of pathogens inside the body by ______ effect.
Gastric acidity, whose high pH prevents the entry of pathogens inside the body by ______ effect.
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Immunity can be defined as the way in which the body can protect itself from invasion by pathogenic ______.
Immunity can be defined as the way in which the body can protect itself from invasion by pathogenic ______.
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The reaction to foreign substances is described as ______.
The reaction to foreign substances is described as ______.
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Non-specific immunity is also called ______ immunity.
Non-specific immunity is also called ______ immunity.
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The two major groups of immunity are non specific immunity and ______ immunity.
The two major groups of immunity are non specific immunity and ______ immunity.
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The unbroken skin and mucus membrane serve as effective mechanical barriers to infectious ______.
The unbroken skin and mucus membrane serve as effective mechanical barriers to infectious ______.
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Maternal passive immunity is antibody-mediated immunity that is passed to the fetus through the ______.
Maternal passive immunity is antibody-mediated immunity that is passed to the fetus through the ______.
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Keratin is a skin ______ produced by the outermost cells of the skin.
Keratin is a skin ______ produced by the outermost cells of the skin.
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The only antibody isotype that can pass through the placenta is ______.
The only antibody isotype that can pass through the placenta is ______.
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Hydrochloric acid and bile salt inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal ______.
Hydrochloric acid and bile salt inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal ______.
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Passive immunity can also be provided through the transfer of IgA antibodies found in ______ milk.
Passive immunity can also be provided through the transfer of IgA antibodies found in ______ milk.
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Mucous production and ciliary movement protect the ______ cavity and throat.
Mucous production and ciliary movement protect the ______ cavity and throat.
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Colostrum present in mother's milk is an example of ______ immunity.
Colostrum present in mother's milk is an example of ______ immunity.
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The action of ______ removes mucus that contains microorganisms from the respiratory tract.
The action of ______ removes mucus that contains microorganisms from the respiratory tract.
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The soft, spongy tissue found in bone cavities is known as ______.
The soft, spongy tissue found in bone cavities is known as ______.
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Tears wash the conjunctiva and perform a similar defensive function as the urine in the ______.
Tears wash the conjunctiva and perform a similar defensive function as the urine in the ______.
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Lysozyme is an enzyme that can break down the cell wall of ______-positive bacteria.
Lysozyme is an enzyme that can break down the cell wall of ______-positive bacteria.
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Study Notes
Immunity Definition
- Immunity is the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens and harmful effects.
- Reaction to foreign substances is inflammation.
- Non-reaction to self substances is immunity.
- Health is a physical state where the self is immunologically spared, and foreign substances are eliminated.
- Disease arises when foreign substances aren't eliminated, or self-substances aren't spared.
Immunity Types
- Immunity is classified into two major groups:
- Innate Immunity: The first line of defense against any infection.
- Adaptive Immunity: Provides a more specific and targeted response.
Innate Components
- Adenoids: Two glands located in the nasal passage
- Bone Marrow: Soft, spongy tissue found in bone cavities
- Lymph Nodes: Small bean-shaped organs throughout the body, connected by lymphatic vessels.
- Lymphatic Vessels: A network of channels carrying lymphocytes to lymphoid organs and bloodstream.
- Peyer Patches: Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine.
- Spleen: A fist-sized organ located in the abdominal cavity.
- Thymus: Two lobes in front of the windpipe, behind the breastbone.
- Tonsils: Two oval masses at the back of the throat.
Non-Specific (Innate) Immunity
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Physical or Mechanical Barriers: Skin and mucus membranes are essential preventative barriers
- Low moisture, low pH, secreted inhibitory substances inhibit microbial growth.
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Biochemical Factors: Chemical secretions inhibiting microbial growth.
- Keratin (skin protein) creates a dry environment.
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Cellular Mechanisms:
- Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils phagocytize microbes.
- Natural killer cells kill undesirable cells (tumors, viruses).
- Normal Flora: Microorganisms in the body, helping prevent pathogenic organisms.
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Inflammatory Reactions: A vascular and cellular response to injury or infection.
- Localized response with increased blood flow, permeability, and cell recruitment.
Types of Innate Immunity
- Individual Immunity: Variations in susceptibility to infections, based on individual experiences and genetic factors (e.g., age, gender).
- Racial Immunity: Differences in susceptibility to particular infections based on race.
- Species Immunity: Differences in susceptibility to specific infections between different species.
Significance of Innate Immunity
- Physical and chemical barriers prevent foreign material entry.
- Complement reactions and phagocytosis clear infections.
- Activates the adaptive immune response.
- Examples include gastric acidity, skin as a barrier.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of immunity, including its definition, types, and key components. Learn about innate and adaptive immunity and how the body defends itself against pathogens. Test your understanding of the biological processes involved in maintaining health.
