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Questions and Answers
What is the function of IgG and C3b?
What is the function of IgG and C3b?
What are the three pathways of complement activation?
What are the three pathways of complement activation?
How do newborns receive antibodies from their mothers?
How do newborns receive antibodies from their mothers?
What plays a significant role in the defense against helminths?
What plays a significant role in the defense against helminths?
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What is the second signal for activation of B cells?
What is the second signal for activation of B cells?
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Which cells play an important role in the selection of B cells with high-affinity receptors?
Which cells play an important role in the selection of B cells with high-affinity receptors?
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What is the function of MHC I class molecules?
What is the function of MHC I class molecules?
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What is the role of TLR4?
What is the role of TLR4?
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Lipopolysaccharide is a characteristic of which type of bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharide is a characteristic of which type of bacteria?
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What is the main function of flagella in bacteria?
What is the main function of flagella in bacteria?
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What is the main function of streptokinase secreted by S.pyogenes?
What is the main function of streptokinase secreted by S.pyogenes?
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What is the role of the mucoid or smooth capsule in pneumococcus?
What is the role of the mucoid or smooth capsule in pneumococcus?
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What distinguishes S.aureus from other staphylococci?
What distinguishes S.aureus from other staphylococci?
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Which bacterial species inhibits Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity?
Which bacterial species inhibits Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity?
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How does E.faecalis affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wounds?
How does E.faecalis affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wounds?
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What is the role of pili and surface proteins in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
What is the role of pili and surface proteins in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
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What is the main mechanism of acute rejection?
What is the main mechanism of acute rejection?
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What is the term for a generalized and often uncontrolled inflammatory response?
What is the term for a generalized and often uncontrolled inflammatory response?
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What are the key molecules in the pathogenesis of sepsis?
What are the key molecules in the pathogenesis of sepsis?
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What is indirect allorecognition?
What is indirect allorecognition?
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What is the main pathologic mechanism in hyperacute rejection?
What is the main pathologic mechanism in hyperacute rejection?
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What is the main mechanism of hyperacute graft rejection?
What is the main mechanism of hyperacute graft rejection?
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What is the role of cytokines in sepsis?
What is the role of cytokines in sepsis?
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What is the term for the uncontrolled inflammation response that occurs in sepsis?
What is the term for the uncontrolled inflammation response that occurs in sepsis?
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What is the common manifestation of Pneumocystis jiroveci infection in immunocompromised patients?
What is the common manifestation of Pneumocystis jiroveci infection in immunocompromised patients?
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Which group is at higher risk for contracting sporotrichosis?
Which group is at higher risk for contracting sporotrichosis?
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Which dermatophyte infection affects the scalp?
Which dermatophyte infection affects the scalp?
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What is a common treatment approach for superficial mycoses?
What is a common treatment approach for superficial mycoses?
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Which cells play the most important role in defending against Aspergillus infections?
Which cells play the most important role in defending against Aspergillus infections?
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What is a common cause of seborrheic dermatitis?
What is a common cause of seborrheic dermatitis?
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What characteristic lesion is associated with tinea corporis?
What characteristic lesion is associated with tinea corporis?
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Which antifungal drug is known for its nephrotoxicity?
Which antifungal drug is known for its nephrotoxicity?
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What is the name of the fungal infection that causes skin discoloration?
What is the name of the fungal infection that causes skin discoloration?
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Which type of viral genome can be directly translated by the host cell's ribosomes?
Which type of viral genome can be directly translated by the host cell's ribosomes?
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What is the function of hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza viruses?
What is the function of hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza viruses?
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Which virus is known for its ability to establish latent infections in the host cell?
Which virus is known for its ability to establish latent infections in the host cell?
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What is antigenic shift?
What is antigenic shift?
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What is the name of the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic?
What is the name of the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic?
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Which antiviral drug inhibits viral DNA synthesis by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase?
Which antiviral drug inhibits viral DNA synthesis by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase?
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Which virus can cause hand, foot and mouth disease?
Which virus can cause hand, foot and mouth disease?
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Study Notes
Immunity and Infection
- Recovery from chickenpox involves the administration of antibodies from an immune individual.
- Acquired immunity is a type of immunity that occurs after exposure to a pathogen or antigen.
- Memory B cells and T cells are responsible for acquired immunity.
- MHC I class molecules are responsible for presenting antigens to CD8+ T cells.
Innate Immune Response
- Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes are involved in the innate immune response.
- The innate immune response is non-specific and rapid.
- TLR4 is a receptor involved in the recognition of pathogens.
- IL-12 is a cytokine that initiates pro-inflammatory responses.
- Selectins are involved in the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection.
- The phagocytic activity of neutrophils contributes to microbial destruction within phagosomes.
Complement System
- IgG and C3b are molecules that function as opsonins.
- The alternative, classical, and lectin pathways are the three pathways of complement activation.
- Newborns receive antibodies from their mothers through IgG across the placenta and IgA via breast milk.
Defense against Pathogens
- IgE antibodies and eosinophils play a significant role in the defense against helminths.
- Plasmacytoid dendritic cells play an important role in the selection of B cells with high-affinity receptors.
- Macrophages and complement are involved in the defense against bacterial infections.
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria.
Transplantation
- Indirect allorecognition occurs when T cells recognize processed peptide of allogeneic MHC molecule bound to self MHC molecule on host APC.
- Hyperacute graft rejection is mediated by preexisting antibodies in the host circulation that bind to donor endothelial antigens.
Bacterial Infections
- Streptokinase secreted by S. pyogenes converts plasminogen to plasmin.
- The mucoid or smooth capsule in pneumococcus promotes bacterial colonization.
- S. aureus is distinguished from other staphylococci by the production of free coagulase.
- Enterococcus faecalis inhibits Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity.
Fungal Infections
- Neutrophils and macrophages play the most important role in defending against Aspergillus infections.
- Malassezia furfur is a common cause of seborrheic dermatitis.
- Tinea corporis is characterized by clearly circumscribed, pruritic, desquamated areas of skin.
- Amphotericin B is known for its nephrotoxicity.
Viral Infections
- Single-stranded positive RNA viral genomes can be directly translated by the host cell's ribosomes.
- Hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza viruses binds to sialic acid.
- Herpes viruses are known for their ability to establish latent infections in the host cell.
- Antigenic shift refers to a major genetic rearrangement creating new viral subtypes which can cause pandemics.
- SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Acyclovir is an antiviral drug that inhibits viral DNA synthesis by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase.
- Coxsackie A virus can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease.
- Rubella virus can cause severe congenital infections.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the immune system, covering topics such as acquired immunity, memory B cells, and the innate immune response. Learn about the role of antibodies, MHC I class molecules, and different cell types in the immune process.
