MS CH 19 Nursing Care of Patients With Immune Disorders
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What is the primary function of IgE in hypersensitivity reactions?

  • To neutralize antigens directly
  • To trigger mast cells to release histamine (correct)
  • To stimulate the production of antibodies
  • To enhance vascular permeability only

    • Which of the following statements best describes a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

  • It is primarily caused by antibodies of the IgM class.
  • It is always mild and localized.
  • It does not involve any smooth muscle contraction.
  • It can result in severe systemic responses like anaphylaxis. (correct)

    • What happens to the body's blood vessels during a hypersensitivity reaction due to histamine release?

  • They constrict to reduce blood flow.
  • They undergo vasodilation and increased permeability. (correct)
  • They remain unchanged in size.
  • They become more resistant to antigen exposure.

    • Which category of hypersensitivity reactions includes conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical test used to identify specific allergens in type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Skin scratch test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the event of a localized hypersensitivity reaction, what characteristic can be expected?

    <p>Mild symptoms confined to the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition is characterized as an immune deficiency in the context of hypersensitivity?

    <p>Hypogammaglobulinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a listed form of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Scleroderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment utilizes light waves to alleviate the hyper-immune response?

    <p>Rhinophototherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaphylaxis is related to which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunotherapy for severe symptoms ceases when what condition is met?

    <p>The patient has no symptoms with exposure to the allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atopic dermatitis is believed to be mediated by which type of antibody?

    <p>IgE antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with rhinophototherapy and allergic reactions?

    <p>Sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration for rhinophototherapy treatment sessions?

    <p>Three times a week for 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atopic dermatitis is classified as what type of skin condition?

    <p>Familial inflammatory skin response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is commonly linked to triggering anaphylactic reactions?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason intravenous access is prioritized during an anaphylactic reaction?

    <p>To administer IV epinephrine and vasopressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is indicative of neurological changes due to anaphylaxis?

    <p>Profound restlessness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate treatment is suggested for severe respiratory symptoms during anaphylaxis?

    <p>Oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers urticaria in patients?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the treatment approach for anaphylaxis after initial stabilization?

    <p>Consider allergen testing for future prevention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an anaphylactic reaction, which of the following diagnostic tests is typically unnecessary?

    <p>Skin prick testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common patient manifestation of impaired gas exchange during anaphylaxis?

    <p>Cyanosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antihistamines play in the treatment of anaphylaxis?

    <p>They reduce inflammation and alleviate mild symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the therapeutic measures for Mrs. Barnes' condition?

    <p>To avoid the antigen triggering the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is used for long-term treatment through allergen desensitization?

    <p>Cinryze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with urticaria and angioedema?

    <p>Scarring lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of patient care is crucial in preventing skin integrity impairment related to allergic reactions?

    <p>Educating about skin assessments and hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is classified as a selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist?

    <p>Icatibant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for patients who may scratch their lesions?

    <p>Keep fingernails short and clean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms indicates a more serious physiological problem rather than anxiety or panic?

    <p>Skin hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tools can confirm the diagnosis related to Mrs. Barnes' symptoms?

    <p>Comprehensive history and physical examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main therapeutic measures for thyroid overstimulation?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subgroup of the population experiences thyroid gland issues more frequently?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication arises due to the appearance of autoantibodies in thyroid disorders?

    <p>Destruction of thyroid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms might initially indicate hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Tremors and heat intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of nursing care for patients with potential anemia?

    <p>Providing frequent rest periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifelong treatment might be required for a patient with thyroid issues?

    <p>Vitamin B12 injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should patients be educated regarding their treatment if they are prescribed vitamin B12 injections?

    <p>They must understand the importance of not missing injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the development of hypothyroidism from hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Symptoms of hyperthyroidism may go unrecognized and lead to hypothyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary rationale for teaching patients to keep their fingernails short and clean?

    <p>It reduces the risk of damage or infection from scratching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cotton recommended for clothing over affected areas in patients with contact dermatitis?

    <p>Cotton is less irritating and allows for better airflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is suggested to alleviate itching instead of scratching?

    <p>Gentle rubbing or applying pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected outcome when evaluating whether the patient's skin remains intact?

    <p>Skin remains intact, and any lesions present are healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the evaluation of health maintenance focus on regarding patient education?

    <p>Patient's knowledge about their condition and treatment plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is intended to reduce itching in contact dermatitis patients?

    <p>Advise tepid baking soda or colloidal oatmeal baths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using clean white cotton clothing for patients at night?

    <p>To ensure a protective barrier that is less irritating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should lesions be evaluated in patients diagnosed with contact dermatitis?

    <p>Evaluate the healing process and the presence of lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary rationale for teaching patients to apply gentle rubbing or pressure instead of scratching?

    <p>It minimizes skin trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is specifically designed to prevent impaired skin integrity during sleep?

    <p>Applying clean, white cotton clothing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be a key focus during the evaluation of whether the patient's skin remains intact?

    <p>Checking for the presence of lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an expected evaluation outcome for a patient with contact dermatitis?

    <p>New lesions appearing during treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when teaching a patient ways to reduce itching associated with contact dermatitis?

    <p>To minimize pruritus and skin irritation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rationale justifies the use of tepid baking soda baths for patients experiencing itching from contact dermatitis?

    <p>They aid in drying up vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interventions is aimed at reducing the likelihood of infection due to scratching?

    <p>Teaching the patient to use clean, short nails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When evaluating the results of applying interventions for contact dermatitis, which element is critical for assessing effectiveness?

    <p>Rate of skin healing over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does intrinsic factor play in the body?

    <p>It aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is associated with long-term use of immunosuppressant medications?

    <p>Higher risk of developing infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom should immunosuppressed patients be particularly vigilant about reporting?

    <p>A low-grade fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of intrinsic factor antibodies on vitamin B12 absorption?

    <p>They decrease the binding sites for vitamin B12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is crucial for an immunosuppressed patient to reduce their risk of infection?

    <p>Avoiding contact with sick individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with vitamin B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor issues?

    <p>Impaired digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Decreased production of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What familial link is commonly observed with the autoimmune form of pernicious anemia?

    <p>There is a strong genetic predisposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potential consequences of exposure to latex for health care workers?

    <p>Fatal anaphylactic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for preventing recurrence in patients with contact dermatitis?

    <p>Patient recognition of the causative agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a special measure that may be taken in medical facilities for patients with latex allergies?

    <p>Preparing special latex-free kits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test is primarily associated with transplant rejection?

    <p>Biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome for transplants if the immune response considers the tissue as foreign?

    <p>Potential rejection of the transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic measure for minimizing the risk of transplant rejection?

    <p>Preventive preoperative preparation with medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence if latex allergy protocols are not followed?

    <p>A possible development of life-threatening anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed during data collection for a patient with contact dermatitis?

    <p>Symptoms and causative agent identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of perennial allergic rhinitis compared to seasonal allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Symptoms are constant throughout the year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not typically observed in patients with allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Sticky earwax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do serum IgE levels play in the context of allergic rhinitis?

    <p>They correlate with disease severity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic measure is essential in managing the itch-scratch cycle associated with allergic skin reactions?

    <p>Antipruritics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the nasal mucosa during an allergic rhinitis reaction?

    <p>Local tissue edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most likely to be considered when assessing the presence of an infection in a patient with allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Clinical culture and sensitivity tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis is accurate?

    <p>It becomes pale and edematous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is specifically mentioned as being effective for skin dryness in allergic conditions?

    <p>Alpha Keri oil as a lubricant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment option for managing long-term allergic reactions in patients like Mrs. Barnes?

    <p>Immunotherapy for allergen desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is used to build up a patient's C1-INH for managing symptoms?

    <p>C1-esterase inhibitor ecallantide (Berinert)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key preventive measure for a patient with lesions due to allergic reactions?

    <p>Keeping fingernails short and clean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of angioedema compared to urticaria?

    <p>Dermal swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antihistamines play in the management of allergic symptoms?

    <p>They inhibit the action of histamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing Mrs. Barnes, which vital sign indicates a potential concern related to her condition?

    <p>Pulse rate of 102 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical test may be performed to confirm the diagnosis associated with Mrs. Barnes' symptoms?

    <p>Skin testing for specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected outcome for managing a patient's risk for impaired skin integrity related to allergic reactions?

    <p>The patient's skin remains intact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in the process of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>They release histamine and other mediators during the second exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the skin reaction observed during a type I hypersensitivity response?

    <p>Presence of redness, vesicles, and eventual crusting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the initial immune response during the first exposure to an allergen?

    <p>Helper T cells activate B cells to produce specific antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inflammatory mediators are primarily involved in the allergic response after re-exposure to an allergen?

    <p>Histamine and prostaglandins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the eventual progress of dermatitis associated with type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>It can result in thickening of the skin known as lichenification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a typical allergic skin test, what is the outcome indicating a positive reaction?

    <p>Redness, vesicle formation, and pruritus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of memory cells in type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>They store long-term immunological information for quicker reactivation upon re-exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the skin as a result of an allergic reaction, leading to a localized hypersensitivity response?

    <p>Redness, edema, and the formation of crusting lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes perennial allergic rhinitis?

    <p>It is characterized by symptoms present throughout the year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the nasal mucosa during an allergic rhinitis episode?

    <p>Vasodilation and local tissue edema occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Itchy, red eyes and profuse watery rhinorrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with allergic rhinitis, elevated serum IgE levels correlate with which aspect of the condition?

    <p>The severity of the allergic symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following therapeutic measures is specifically aimed at reducing the itch-scratch cycle in allergic rhinitis?

    <p>Antipruritics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of 'allergic shiners' in patients with allergic rhinitis is primarily due to what mechanism?

    <p>Vascular congestion in the maxillary sinuses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary cells are involved in the necrosis associated with a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment strategy is commonly employed for managing dry and inflamed skin in allergic rhinitis patients?

    <p>Warm soaks followed by emollient application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common irritant responsible for causing contact dermatitis?

    <p>Poison ivy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most immediate treatment required during an anaphylactic reaction to prevent respiratory and cardiac arrest?

    <p>Epinephrine IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic approach is utilized to rule out other conditions similar to allergic rhinitis?

    <p>A detailed history and physical examination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of contact dermatitis, T memory cells are formed after how many days of initial exposure to an allergen?

    <p>7 to 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is most closely associated with the hypotension caused by increased capillary permeability during anaphylaxis?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological effect does the generalized smooth muscle spasm in anaphylaxis primarily contribute to?

    <p>Bronchial narrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic measure used to treat symptoms of contact dermatitis?

    <p>Topical corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of anaphylaxis, which complication has the highest likelihood of directly resulting from airway obstruction?

    <p>Cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious health concern for healthcare workers related to latex exposure?

    <p>Latex allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of fluid shifting from vessels to the interstitium during anaphylaxis?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is primarily responsible for the symptoms observed in type IV hypersensitivity?

    <p>Cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these treatments is indicated if severe respiratory compromise occurs during anaphylaxis?

    <p>Mechanical ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic tests is NOT typically used for contact dermatitis?

    <p>Blood test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When experiencing anaphylaxis, what mechanism leads to cramping, diarrhea, and nausea?

    <p>Intestinal smooth muscle spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic response at the site of contact with an allergen in contact dermatitis?

    <p>Presence of red and pruritic vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason intravenous access is prioritized when treating anaphylaxis?

    <p>To deliver epinephrine rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment specifically helps prevent the breakdown of any C1 inhibitor present in allergic reactions?

    <p>Cinryze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the edema associated with urticaria and angioedema?

    <p>It lasts longer than typical urticaria eruptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is NOT classified as a treatment modality for acute symptoms of allergic reactions?

    <p>Immunotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skin care education is important to minimize the risk of infection from scratching lesions?

    <p>Keep fingernails short and clean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications acts as a selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist?

    <p>Icatibant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of therapeutic measures is crucial for preventing impaired skin integrity during an allergic reaction?

    <p>Assessing and documenting skin and lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication is primarily used to relieve symptoms associated with allergic reactions?

    <p>Antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the diagnostic process for allergic conditions?

    <p>Skin testing may be performed to identify specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome when monitoring a patient's respiratory status during treatment for laryngeal edema?

    <p>The patient will maintain clear lung fields without any respiratory distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices is recommended to prevent allergen exposure for patients with allergies?

    <p>Cover heat registers with filters and frequently vacuum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken to relieve pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis?

    <p>Use humidification and apply cool soaks to affected areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical teaching point regarding the use of an epinephrine autoinjector for patients with environmental allergies?

    <p>Administer the autoinjector into the thigh when symptoms are severe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a nurse respond if a patient demonstrates changes in mentation while monitoring respiratory status?

    <p>Assess for potential hypoxia or anxiety-related issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positioning a patient in a high-Fowler's or semi-Fowler's position?

    <p>To improve ventilation and decrease upper airway edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy should be emphasized for managing stress in patients with urticaria?

    <p>Implementing relaxation techniques and stress management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when monitoring a patient's vital signs in the context of fluid volume deficiency?

    <p>To maintain blood pressure, pulse, and urine output within normal limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly monitored to identify early problems in patients experiencing dyspnea?

    <p>Use of accessory muscles for breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most commonly associated with hypovolemia that should be reported to the healthcare provider?

    <p>Irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing deficient fluid volume, which intervention is least effective?

    <p>Restricting all fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is illustrated by the potential adverse effects of latex gloves?

    <p>Type IV hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended fluid replacement strategy in a patient experiencing gastrointestinal fluid loss?

    <p>Administering hypotonic glucose-electrolyte solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign should a nurse monitor for potential signs of hypovolemia?

    <p>Elevated heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when maintaining IV fluids in a patient suspected of fluid volume deficiency?

    <p>Making unilateral decisions about fluid choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common intervention is suggested to alleviate nausea in patients with fluid volume deficiency?

    <p>Administering antiemetics as ordered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Explain the immunological mechanism for the four types of hypersensitivities.
    • Explain the pathophysiology of disorders of the immune system.
    • Identify the etiologies, signs, and symptoms of immune system disorders.
    • Plan nursing care for patients undergoing tests for immune system disorders.
    • Describe current medical treatment for immune system disorders.
    • List data collected when caring for patients with disorders of the immune system.
    • Explain factors that alter or influence the self-recognition portion of the immune system.
    • Plan nursing care for patients with disorders of the immune system.
    • Evaluate effectiveness of nursing interventions.

    Key Terms

    • anaphylaxis
    • angioedema
    • ankylosing spondylitis
    • histamine
    • urticaria

    Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type I)

    • Anaphylactic reaction is an immediate reaction to a specific antigen.
    • Previous exposure (sensitization) is required.
    • IgE antibodies attach to mast cells throughout the body.
    • Subsequent exposure triggers mast cells to release histamine.
    • Histamine causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, mucous production, and smooth muscle contraction.
    • Localized reactions are mild and remain local.
    • Systemic reactions are massive and widespread.

    Allergic Rhinitis

    • Allergic rhinitis is a result of an antigen-antibody reaction.
    • Ciliary action decreases, and mucous secretions increase.
    • Vasodilation and local tissue edema occur.
    • Signs and symptoms include sneezing, nasal itching, runny nose, and itchy red eyes.

    Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

    • A familial, chronic inflammatory skin response.
    • Not typical for a type I hypersensitivity reaction.
    • Specific antigen is not usually identified.
    • Symptoms include pruritus, edema, and extremely dry skin, followed by eruptions of vesicles.

    Anaphylaxis

    • Severe systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction.
    • Triggers include various antibiotics, anesthetics, hormones, and other substances (listed in Table 19.1).
    • Table 19.2 lists signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis.

    Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction

    • Involves the destruction of a cell or substance with attached antigen, recognized by IgG or IgM as foreign.
    • Antigen attachment causes cell lysis or accelerated phagocytosis.
    • Hemolytic transfusion reaction examples of Type II hypersensitivity.
    • Incompatible RBC surface antigens are transfused.
    • Recipient's antibodies attach to the foreign antigens, causing rapid RBC destruction.

    Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction

    • Involves immune complexes formed by IgG or IgM and antigens lodged in blood vessels.
    • Leads to inflammation, tissue damage, and necrosis.
    • Serum sickness is an example of Type III hypersensitivity.
    • Usually occurs 7-21 days after exposure.
    • Characterized by urticaria, angioedema, fever, and malaise.

    Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction (Delayed Reaction)

    • Occurs when a sensitized T lymphocyte encounters the specific antigen.
    • Macrophages and T lymphocytes cause tissue necrosis.
    • Contact dermatitis is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity.
    • Itchiness, redness and vesicles develop at exposure site.
    • Triggers include latex, poison ivy/oak, and certain chemicals.

    Urticaria (Hives)

    • Type I hypersensitivity reaction triggered by antigen-stimulated IgE antibodies.
    • Raised, pruritic, and erythematous wheals on the skin., mostly on the trunk and proximal extremities.
    • Treatment depends on severity, with epinephrine in severe cases., oral or topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, or histamine blockers.

    Angioedema

    • Acquired or hereditary disorders.
    • Often involves the subcutaneous layers of the skin and mucous membranes.
    • Mostly non-pruritic.
    • Caused by the buildup of bradykinin.

    Transplant Rejection

    • Transplanted living tissue is seen as foreign material by the immune system.
    • Lifelong immunosuppression is needed to prevent rejection.
    • Rejection can occur at any time after transplantation.
    • Causes varying degrees of transplant rejection (signs or symptoms depend on tissue or organ).

    Pernicious Anemia

    • Antibodies that destroy gastric parietal cells lead to decreased intrinsic factor production.
    • Decreased absorption of vitamin B12.
    • Weakness, loss of appetite, glossitis, and pallor often reported.
    • Macrocytic anemia is diagnosed with a blood microscopic exam.

    Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

    • Chronic inflammatory disease.
    • Genetic and environmental factors may play a role.
    • Characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation.
    • Common symptoms include butterfly rash, photosensitivity, fatigue, fever, joint pain, and kidney involvement.

    Ankylosing Spondylitis

    • Chronic progressive, inflammatory disease primarily of the spine.
    • Often affects men more than women.
    • Insidious onset of lower back stiffness and pain.
    • Curvature of the lower back may flatten and upper back curve increase.
    • Positive HLA-B27 test and radiographic evidence needed for diagnosis.

    Immune Deficiencies

    • Characterized by a complete or partial absence or deficiency of immune system components, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections.
    • Acquired or hereditary disorders.
    • Examples include hypogammaglobulinemia.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the immunological mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions, including their pathophysiology and management. It focuses on nursing care, patient assessment, and treatment of immune system disorders. Test your knowledge on key terms and the nursing interventions essential for effective patient care.

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