27 Questions
What type of hormone or growth factor is involved in the development from myeloid progenitor cells into specific cell types?
Cytokines
Which cell type arises from the myeloid progenitor cell?
Megakaryocytes
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis of pathogens
Which cell type is NOT included in the myeloid lineage?
B cells
Which of the following cell types is classified under the myeloid lineage?
Neutrophils
What is the primary function of mast cells?
Release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators
Which of the following is a characteristic of innate lymphoid cells?
They are derived from lymphoid progenitor cells
What is the function of NKT cells?
Produce cytokines and other immune modulators
Which cells are derived from self-renewing stem cells in the bone marrow and differentiate into pluripotent stem cells and then progenitor cells?
Granulocytes
What is the main function of natural killer T (NKT) cells in the immune system?
Regulate adaptive immune responses
Which type of cells move from the bone marrow out into the blood and/or tissues where they can differentiate further and perform a wide variety of functions?
Macrophages
How can immune cells be identified according to the text?
By their cell surface receptors
What is the significance of the 'CD' system (Cluster of Differentiation) mentioned in the text?
It is used to identify different types of leukocytes based on the molecules they express
Innate Lymphoid Cells are part of the myeloid lineage.
False
NKT cells are classified under the myeloid lineage.
False
Mast cells are derived from self-renewing stem cells in the bone marrow.
True
Dendritic cells are included in the myeloid lineage.
True
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of granulocytes in the myeloid lineage.
True
Mast cells are not derived from the myeloid progenitor cell.
False
Monocytes are only found in the blood and do not differentiate into macrophages in tissues.
False
Eosinophils are not included in the group called granulocytes.
False
The myeloid lineage includes dendritic cells and granulocytes.
True
Mast cells are derived from the myeloid lineage.
False
Macrophages are classified under the lymphoid lineage.
False
The myeloid lineage gives rise to natural killer T (NKT) cells.
False
Mature red blood cells are part of the myeloid lineage.
False
Cells from the myeloid lineage play a key role in both innate and adaptive immune responses.
True
Study Notes
- The text focuses on the different cells involved in immune responses and the ways to identify and distinguish between them.
- Cells involved in immunity include white blood cells (leukocytes) and some others like endothelial cells, adipocytes, and epithelial cells.
- These cells originate from self-renewing stem cells in the bone marrow, which differentiate under the influence of growth factors into pluripotent stem cells and then progenitor cells.
- Leukocytes have two main lineages: lymphoid (T cells, B cells) and myeloid (NKT cells, dendritic cells, granulocytes/polymorphonuclear cells, macrophages).
- White blood cells move from the bone marrow into the blood and tissues, where they can differentiate further and perform various functions in the innate and adaptive immune responses.
- Cells can be identified by their size, granularity of the cytoplasm, and specific molecules they express (usually on the surface but sometimes internally).
- In 1982, scientists established the "CD" (Cluster of Differentiation) system to create a strict nomenclature for identifying cells, using specific molecules they express.
- The myeloid lineage includes Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs), NKT cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, granulocytes/polymorphonuclear cells, and macrophages.
- The myeloid progenitor cell gives rise to polymorphonuclear cells (polymorphs or PMNs), monocytes, megakaryocytes, mast cells, and erythrocytes.
- Polymorphs include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, also known as granulocytes (60-70% of white blood cells).
- Monocytes are blood-borne and, in tissues, become macrophages (MF).
- Bone marrow development into specific cell types relies on the secretion of various hormones and growth factors, such as cytokines or inter-leukins and colony stimulating factors.
- Neutrophils are large cells (10-20 microns in diameter), live for only 2-3 days, and have neutral staining cytoplasmic granules containing enzymes.
- Ninety percent of granulocytes are neutrophils.
Test your knowledge on the different types of cells involved in immune responses. Identify key characteristics and functions of each cell to distinguish between them.
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