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Questions and Answers
Which component of bacterial virulence refers to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of Gram negative bacteria?
Which component of bacterial virulence refers to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of Gram negative bacteria?
Where do bacterial pathogens initially contact a new host?
Where do bacterial pathogens initially contact a new host?
What happens if the innate immune responses fail to clear out a bacterial infection?
What happens if the innate immune responses fail to clear out a bacterial infection?
Which type of T cells help in producing antimicrobial peptides and recruiting neutrophils?
Which type of T cells help in producing antimicrobial peptides and recruiting neutrophils?
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Which immune system takes actions to eliminate bacterial pathogens first?
Which immune system takes actions to eliminate bacterial pathogens first?
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What is the main immunological effector for most infections?
What is the main immunological effector for most infections?
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Where do bacterial pathogens penetrate to replicate in the tissues or cells?
Where do bacterial pathogens penetrate to replicate in the tissues or cells?
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What is the outcome of immune responses to bacterial infection where bacteria are eliminated by both innate and adaptive immune responses with immunity for future protection?
What is the outcome of immune responses to bacterial infection where bacteria are eliminated by both innate and adaptive immune responses with immunity for future protection?
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Which type of bacteria possess the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component?
Which type of bacteria possess the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component?
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What is the key effector immune component in responding to different types of bacterial pathogens?
What is the key effector immune component in responding to different types of bacterial pathogens?
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Which type of T cells help in the regulation of immune responses?
Which type of T cells help in the regulation of immune responses?
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What is the general principle of the immune system responding to bacterial infections?
What is the general principle of the immune system responding to bacterial infections?
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In which type of infections are both cell-mediated and humoral aspects usually involved in clearing pathogens?
In which type of infections are both cell-mediated and humoral aspects usually involved in clearing pathogens?
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What is the function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
What is the function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
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What is the main outcome when bacteria are eliminated by innate responses only?
What is the main outcome when bacteria are eliminated by innate responses only?
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Which type of T cells help in recruiting eosinophils and promoting mucus production?
Which type of T cells help in recruiting eosinophils and promoting mucus production?
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What is the role of IL-12 in the immune response to tuberculosis?
What is the role of IL-12 in the immune response to tuberculosis?
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Which cells produce IFNγ during a tuberculosis infection?
Which cells produce IFNγ during a tuberculosis infection?
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What is the consequence of IFNγ on macrophages during a tuberculosis infection?
What is the consequence of IFNγ on macrophages during a tuberculosis infection?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells in the innate immune response?
Which cells are primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells in the innate immune response?
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What role do effector molecules from adaptive immune responses play in reinforcing innate immunity?
What role do effector molecules from adaptive immune responses play in reinforcing innate immunity?
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Which molecule is known to contribute to the development of Th1 cells by NK cells and macrophages?
Which molecule is known to contribute to the development of Th1 cells by NK cells and macrophages?
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What is the consequence of Ag-Ab interaction in the immune response?
What is the consequence of Ag-Ab interaction in the immune response?
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What is the primary function of cytokines secreted by T cells during an infection?
What is the primary function of cytokines secreted by T cells during an infection?
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Which type of receptors bind carbohydrates like mannan and betaglucan to detect bacterial pathogens?
Which type of receptors bind carbohydrates like mannan and betaglucan to detect bacterial pathogens?
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Which receptor recognizes muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as a bacterial pathogen?
Which receptor recognizes muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as a bacterial pathogen?
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Which amino acid is the first in prokaryotic protein synthesis but not seen in eukaryotes?
Which amino acid is the first in prokaryotic protein synthesis but not seen in eukaryotes?
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What is the main outcome of the recognition of bacterial pathogens by the innate immune system?
What is the main outcome of the recognition of bacterial pathogens by the innate immune system?
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During which phase do adaptive immune responses occur in response to bacterial infections?
During which phase do adaptive immune responses occur in response to bacterial infections?
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Which immune responses eliminate bacteria when the number and virulence are low?
Which immune responses eliminate bacteria when the number and virulence are low?
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Where do adaptive immune responses take place in response to infections?
Where do adaptive immune responses take place in response to infections?
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Which cells are involved in the defenses against bacteria in both innate and adaptive immune responses?
Which cells are involved in the defenses against bacteria in both innate and adaptive immune responses?
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What is the main function of antibodies in response to a bacterial infection?
What is the main function of antibodies in response to a bacterial infection?
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Which type of antigen activates B cells by extensively cross-linking the B cell receptor (BCR)?
Which type of antigen activates B cells by extensively cross-linking the B cell receptor (BCR)?
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What is the role of marginal zone B cells in recognizing TI-2 antigens?
What is the role of marginal zone B cells in recognizing TI-2 antigens?
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Which molecule binds to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 to activate B cells?
Which molecule binds to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 to activate B cells?
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What is the purpose of dendritic cells moving to secondary lymphoid tissues during a bacterial infection?
What is the purpose of dendritic cells moving to secondary lymphoid tissues during a bacterial infection?
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Which cells clear antibody-antigen complexes carried by red cells in the blood?
Which cells clear antibody-antigen complexes carried by red cells in the blood?
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What is the primary function of BAFF (B cell activating factor) in the immune response to bacterial infections?
What is the primary function of BAFF (B cell activating factor) in the immune response to bacterial infections?
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Why do children under 5 years old not respond well to polysaccharide antigens?
Why do children under 5 years old not respond well to polysaccharide antigens?
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Study Notes
Innate Receptors and Pathogen Recognition
- Lectin receptors bind to carbohydrates (mannan, β-glucan) to recognize bacterial pathogens
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6) recognize Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
- fMet-Leu-Phe receptor recognizes bacterial pathogens
- Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NOD) proteins recognize muramyl dipeptide (MDP)
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
- Peptidoglycan, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Mannan (polymer of mannose) are PAMPs recognized by innate immune system
- Formylmethionine is the first amino acid in prokaryotic protein synthesis, not seen in eukaryotes
Innate Immune Responses to Bacterial Infections
- Recognition of PAMPs leads to destruction of bacterial pathogens by phagocytes, induction of inflammation, and activation of the complement system
- Innate immune responses eliminate bacteria with low virulence and number
- Innate immune responses occur within 4-96 hours
Adaptive Immune Responses to Bacterial Infections
- Adaptive immune responses involve B cells and T cells
- Adaptive immune responses occur in secondary lymphoid tissues
- Adaptive immune responses eliminate bacteria with high virulence and number
- Adaptive immune responses occur within 96 hours to one week
Immune Response Outcomes
- Infection resolved with bacteria eliminated by innate and adaptive immune responses, with immunity for future protection
- Failure of protection leading to persistent infection
- Examples of persistent infections include Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Interaction between Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
- Innate immune responses are necessary for initiating adaptive immune responses
- Cells of the innate system present antigens to T cells
- IL-12 secreted by NK cells and macrophages contributes to Th1 development
- Effector molecules or cells generated from adaptive immune responses reinforce innate immunity
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Description
This quiz covers the general principles of the immune system responding to bacterial infections, key effector immune components to different types of bacterial pathogens, outcomes of immune response to bacterial pathogens, and interactions between innate and adaptive immune systems in responding to infections.
