Immune Response and Specific Defenses
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Questions and Answers

Which type of immunity is responsible for defending against pathogens that have entered living cells?

  • Nonspecific immunity
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Humoral immunity
  • Cell-mediated immunity (correct)

    • What is the primary function of plasma cells in the immune response?

  • Producing antibodies (correct)
  • Storing antigens for future recognition
  • Destroying pathogens directly
  • Recognizing antigens

    • Why are memory B cells important for long-term immunity?

  • They can directly kill pathogens.
  • They stimulate the production of new B cells.
  • They produce antibodies more quickly upon re-exposure to a pathogen. (correct)
  • They suppress the immune response to prevent autoimmunity.

    • What is the purpose of a booster shot in vaccination?

    <p>To strengthen the immune response by increasing antibody production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a waste product removed by the excretory system?

    <p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the urinary system in waste removal?

    <p>It filters waste products from the blood and eliminates them in urine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about antibodies is TRUE?

    <p>Antibodies have a specific shape that allows them to recognize a variety of antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do B cells contribute to humoral immunity?

    <p>By releasing antibodies that bind to antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of white blood cells in the immune system?

    <p>Attack invaders such as viruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are platelets formed in the body?

    <p>When large cells in the bone marrow break into fragments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the lymphatic system?

    <p>It collects fluid lost by the blood and returns it to the circulatory system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a dangerous result of platelets blocking blood flow?

    <p>Stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue that can occur within the lymphatic system?

    <p>Infections causing swelling in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

    <p>To filter blood and remove waste products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone signals the kidneys to reduce the amount of water returned to the blood?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which waste products are expelled from the body?

    <p>Excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the immune system produces white blood cells?

    <p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the immediate nonspecific defense system of the body?

    <p>Antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the inflammatory response?

    <p>White blood cells are produced to fight infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood in the heart?

    <p>Septum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of interferons in the immune system?

    <p>To interfere with viral growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true about the filtration process in the kidneys?

    <p>All waste products are reabsorbed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the heart function in pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a step in urine formation?

    <p>Filtration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the kidney do most nephrons reside?

    <p>Renal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?

    <p>Arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the large intestine?

    <p>Removal of water from undigested material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme in saliva is responsible for starting the digestion of carbohydrates?

    <p>Amylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process helps to mix and churn food in the stomach?

    <p>Mechanical digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Killer T cells play in the immune response?

    <p>Destroy pathogens or foreign tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does passive immunity differ from active immunity?

    <p>It involves antibodies produced by another animal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main substance produced by the liver that aids in fat digestion?

    <p>Bile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of digestion stops in the stomach due to acidity?

    <p>Carbohydrate digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the small intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?

    <p>Ileum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the left atrium?

    <p>Left ventricle → Aorta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows food to move from the esophagus to the stomach?

    <p>Peristalsis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the composition of blood plasma?

    <p>90% water, 10% dissolved substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red blood cells as they transport oxygen?

    <p>They retain their red color due to hemoglobin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard measurement for normal blood pressure?

    <p>120/80 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T cell type helps in the memory response of the immune system?

    <p>Memory T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    White Blood Cells

    Leukocytes produced in bone marrow, part of the immune system.

    Neutrophils

    A specific type of white blood cell that attacks pathogens.

    Platelets

    Cell fragments that help with blood clotting to prevent bleeding.

    Lymphatic System

    A network that returns fluid to the circulatory system and absorbs nutrients.

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    Lymphatic Vessels

    Fine vessels in the lymphatic system that collect and transport lymph fluid.

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    Immune Response

    The body's response to a pathogen after it breaches nonspecific defenses.

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    Antigens

    Substances like viruses or bacteria that trigger the immune response.

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    Lymphocytes

    Specialized immune cells that recognize antigens.

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    Humoral Immunity

    The immunity provided by B cells against pathogens in body fluids.

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    Plasma Cells

    Cells that produce antibodies to fight pathogens.

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    Memory B Cells

    Cells that remember pathogens for faster antibody production upon re-exposure.

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    Vaccines

    Substances that introduce antigens to stimulate antibody production without causing disease.

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    Urinary System

    System responsible for filtering waste from the blood.

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    Left Atrium

    The chamber of the heart that receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

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    Mitral Valve

    The valve that allows blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

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    Aorta

    The main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body.

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    Mechanical Digestion

    The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

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    Saliva

    A fluid secreted by salivary glands that helps digest food.

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    Esophagus

    The tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

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    Peristalsis

    The wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

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    Stomach

    The organ where food is mixed and broken down.

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    Pancreas

    A gland that produces enzymes and hormones, including insulin.

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    Liver

    An organ that produces bile for fat digestion.

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    Acquired Immunity

    Immunity developed from external sources, not innate.

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    Active Immunity

    Immunity from vaccines or infections where antibodies are produced.

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    Passive Immunity

    Immunity gained by receiving antibodies from another source.

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    Blood Pressure

    The force of blood pushing against artery walls.

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    Red Blood Cells

    Cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.

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    Urinary System Function

    Controls blood volume and removes excess water and salts.

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    Hypothalamus Role

    Monitors water levels in the blood and regulates hormone release.

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    Kidneys

    Bean-shaped organs that filter waste from blood.

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    Nephrons

    Tiny filtering units within the kidneys, about 1 million per kidney.

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    Urine Formation Steps

    Involves filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.

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    Immune System Function

    Defends the body against pathogens and infections.

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    Pathogens

    Disease-causing agents like bacteria and viruses.

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    Inflammatory Response

    Nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage or infection.

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    Interferons

    Proteins that help cells resist viral infections.

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    Closed Circulatory System

    Blood is contained within vessels like arteries and veins.

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    Heart Structure

    Composed of cardiac muscle and divided into chambers.

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    Pulmonary Circulation

    Blood flow from the heart to the lungs.

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    Systemic Circulation

    Blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body.

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    Blood Flow Path

    Oxygen-poor blood enters right atrium, travels to lungs.

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    Kidneys' Daily Filtering

    Filters approximately 2000 liters of blood daily, excretes 1.5 liters of urine.

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    Study Notes

    Specific Defenses

    • Immune Response: Triggered when pathogens bypass nonspecific defenses.
    • Antigens: Substances that trigger the immune response (e.g., viruses, bacteria).
    • Lymphocytes: Immune system cells that recognize antigens.
    • B Cells: Provide humoral immunity against antigens and pathogens in body fluids.
    • T Cells: Provide cell-mediated immunity against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells.
    • Humoral Immunity: B cells recognize pathogens, rapidly divide into plasma cells and memory B cells.
    • Plasma Cells: Release antibodies to recognize, bind, and target pathogens for destruction. They stop producing antibodies once the infection is gone.
    • Memory B Cells: "Remember" pathogens, enabling rapid antibody production upon subsequent exposure. A key aspect of long-term immunity.
    • Vaccines: Introduce antigens without pathogens, creating antibody-producing plasma cells. Booster shots are useful for maintaining immunity by providing refresher exposure to the targeted antigen, stimulating further antibody production.

    Antibody Structure

    • Shaped like a Y, with two binding sites for antigens.
    • Diverse shapes allow for recognition of many antigens.
    • Healthy adults can produce millions of different antibody types.

    Excretory System

    • Goal of Urinary System: Filter wastes from the blood, regulate fluid levels, and eliminate excess salts.
    • Waste Production: Cells during respiration produce wastes.
    • Hypothalamus Regulation: Monitors blood water levels. When water is high, reduces hormone release. This decreases water reabsorption in kidneys leading to increased urine output.
    • Kidneys: Main organs; filter blood containing cellular waste. Each consists of one million filtering units called nephrons.

    Nephron

    • Structure: Located mostly in the renal cortex.
    • Filtration: Blood enters through renal artery; water, sugars, salts, and waste enter Bowman's capsule.
    • Reabsorption: Most water, sugar, and salts are reabsorbed.
    • Excretion: Other substances (drugs) are actively excreted.
    • Filtration Rate: ≈ 2000 Liters of blood filtered daily. Approximately 1.5 Liters of urine excreted daily.
    • Urine Formation: Four-step process (Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion)
    • Urinalysis: Common non-invasive medical test.

    Immune System

    • Function: Guard against disease by producing cells that inactivate foreign substances/cells.
    • Layers of Defense: Multiple layers of defense to fight disease-causing agents (pathogens).
    • Immune Response: Recognition, attack, destruction, and immunological "memory" of pathogens.
    • Immune System Organs: Skeletal system (bone marrow produces white blood cells), stomach and saliva help.

    Nonspecific Defenses

    • Skin: Crucial first line of defense; unbroken skin prevents pathogen entry. Breaks in skin lead to infection.
    • Secretions (Mucus, Saliva, Tears, Oil, Sweat): Contain lysozyme (enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls); acidic environment inhibits bacterial growth.
    • Inflammatory Response: Reaction to tissue damage; characterized by swelling, redness, pain, heat, white blood cell recruitment and targeted destruction, and fever response
    • Interferons: Proteins that resist viral infections by interfering with viral growth, giving the immune system time to respond.

    Transportation System (Circulatory System)

    • Components: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries.
    • Closed System: Blood remains contained in vessels.
    • Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart; deoxygenated blood to lungs.
    • Capillaries: Sites of gas and waste exchange.
    • Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart; oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

    Heart

    • Structure and Function: Muscular pump; composed of mostly cardiac muscle; divided by the septum to prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
    • Atrium: Receives blood.
    • Ventricles: Pumps blood out.
    • Circulatory Systems: Pulmonary (right side - blood to lungs) and Systemic (left side - blood to body tissues) circulation.

    Digestive System

    • Mouth: Contains digestive enzymes (amylase, lysozyme) that break down carbohydrates and fight infection.
    • Teeth: Tear, crush, and chew food.
    • Esophagus: Connects mouth to stomach; peristalsis moves food.
    • Stomach: Mechanical/chemical digestion; releases HCl and pepsin for protein breakdown; mucus to protect lining.
    • Small Intestine: Most digestion and nutrient absorption, with enzymes from pancreas and liver.
    • Pancreas: Produces hormones and enzymes for digestion.
    • Liver: Produces bile for fat digestion; stored in gallbladder.
    • Large Intestine: Removes water from undigested materials; harbors beneficial bacteria.

    Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • Mechanism: T cells (killer, helper, memory, suppressor) are activated when abnormal cells or pathogens are detected.
    • Killer T cells: Destroy infected or cancerous cells.
    • Helper T cells: Stimulate adaptive immune response
    • Memory T cells: Provide long-term immunity
    • Suppressor T cells: Regulate the immune response

    Beneficial Bacteria

    • Presence: Found on skin, small intestine, etc.
    • Competition/Defense: Outcompete pathogens or create substances that kill them.

    Acquired Immunity

    • Definition: Immunity gained through exposure or introduction from outside the body.
    • Types: Active (vaccination) and Passive (antibodies from another source).
    • Active Immunity: Vaccination stimulates an immune response resulting in long lasting antibody production,
    • Passive Immunity: Temporary immunity provided by introduction of antibodies from an external source (e.g., mother to infant).

    Blood

    • Blood Pressure: Force of blood against artery walls (systolic and diastolic values).
    • Normal Blood Pressure: 120/80 mm Hg
    • Composition: Plasma (55%), red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

    Lymphatic System

    • Function: Collects fluid lost by blood, returns it to the circulatory system; part of waste removal and immunity
    • Components: Vessels, nodes, organs.

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    Explore the intricate workings of the immune system through this quiz on specific defenses. Learn about immune responses, the role of lymphocytes, B cells, T cells, and the importance of vaccines in building immunity. Test your knowledge on how our body fights pathogens effectively.

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