Immune Response and Immunologic Memory
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Questions and Answers

What happens to a majority of effector lymphocytes after a microbe is eliminated?

  • They differentiate into plasma cells
  • They die by apoptosis
  • They become anergic
  • They undergo clonal expansion

    • What is the role of antibodies secreted by plasma cells?

  • They promote the phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens (correct)
  • They stimulate the activation of lymphocytes
  • They inhibit the production of cytokines
  • They suppress the immune response

    • What is the result of immune responses that are normally protective?

  • Immune tolerance
  • Tissue injury (correct)
  • Cytokine production
  • Antigen presentation

    • What happens to secreting plasma cells after they migrate to the bone marrow?

    <p>They live for years, continuing to produce low levels of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for diseases resulting from immune responses that normally are protective?

    <p>Hypersensitivity diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the initial activation of lymphocytes?

    <p>To generate long-lived memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of the immune system after the elimination of microbes?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conferred to neonates by antibodies?

    <p>Passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)?

    <p>It is the most abundant mediator generated by the cyclooxygenase pathway in mast cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of acidic proteoglycans in mast cell granules?

    <p>To act as a storage matrix for the amines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of IL-13 in the context of a TH2-initiated immune reaction?

    <p>It stimulates epithelial cell mucus secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>They release compounds that mediate type I hypersensitivity reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ECF in the context of immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>To act as an eosinophil chemotactic factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NCF in the context of immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>To act as a neutrophil chemotactic factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of PAF in the context of immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>To act as a platelet-activating factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in the context of immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>To stimulate inflammation seen in late-phase reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of systemic vasodilation in an allergic reaction?

    <p>Decreased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine?

    <p>Leukotriene B4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of eosinophils in the late-phase response?

    <p>To produce major basic protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of localized allergic reactions in the lung?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of chemokines in the late-phase response?

    <p>TNF-activated epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between localized and systemic allergic reactions?

    <p>Localized reactions are confined to a specific site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PAF in allergic reactions?

    <p>To activate platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for progression to circulatory collapse and death in anaphylactic shock?

    <p>Minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by the release of TH2 cytokines and the production of IgE antibodies?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins are toxic to epithelial cells?

    <p>Protein and eosinophil cationic protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a familial predisposition to localized type I reactions?

    <p>Atopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genes are implicated in susceptibility to asthma and other atopic disorders?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of inflammatory leukocytes in immediate hypersensitivity?

    <p>To amplify and sustain the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of therapy in treating allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis?

    <p>To modulate the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ADAM33 in atopic disorders?

    <p>It is involved in tissue remodeling in the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between type I hypersensitivity and human disease?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity is an important defense mechanism against parasites, but can also contribute to human disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pathological lesion that occurs in blood vessels?

    <p>Vasculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antibody-coated cells being phagocytosed by macrophages?

    <p>Depletion of the opsonized cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies are capable of inducing lesions?

    <p>IgG and IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interactions between immune complexes and leukocytes?

    <p>Secretion of prostaglandins, vasodilator peptides, and chemotactic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the lesion that occurs in renal glomeruli?

    <p>Glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of Hageman factor?

    <p>Augmentation of the inflammatory process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the lesion that occurs in joints?

    <p>Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of immune complexes depositing in tissues or blood vessels?

    <p>Acute inflammatory reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune Response and Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Plasma cells secrete antibodies that neutralize microbes, block their infectivity, and promote phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens.
    • Antibodies also confer passive immunity to neonates, and Immunologic Memory is generated.

    Decline of Immune Responses

    • After an infectious pathogen is eliminated, most effector lymphocytes die by apoptosis, returning the immune system to its basal resting state.
    • This return to homeostasis occurs because microbes provide essential stimuli for lymphocyte survival and activation.
    • Activated lymphocytes are no longer kept alive as the stimuli are eliminated.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Immune responses can cause tissue injury, resulting in hypersensitivity diseases.
    • Hypersensitivity reactions are grouped into several categories, including immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
    • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and are responsible for allergic reactions.

    Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Mast cells synthesize and secrete prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which have several actions important in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
    • These lipid mediators can cause intense bronchospasm, increased mucus secretion, and promote inflammation.
    • Eosinophils produce toxic proteins and cytokines that promote inflammation and epithelial cell injury.

    Localized Allergic Reactions

    • Local reactions occur when the antigen is confined to a particular site, such as skin (contact, causing urticaria), gastrointestinal tract (ingestion, causing diarrhea), or lung (inhalation, causing bronchoconstriction).
    • Examples of localized allergic reactions include hay fever, asthma, and certain forms of asthma.

    Susceptibility to Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Susceptibility to localized type I reactions has a strong genetic component, and the term atopy is used to imply familial predisposition to such localized reactions.
    • Genes implicated in susceptibility to asthma and other atopic disorders include those encoding HLA molecules, cytokines, and ADAM33, a metalloproteinase involved in tissue remodeling in the airways.

    Inflammation and Tissue Injury

    • Inflammation is a major component of many allergic diseases, notably asthma and atopic dermatitis.
    • Therapy usually includes anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids.
    • Leukocytes recruited to the site of inflammation can amplify and sustain the inflammatory response even in the absence of continuous allergen exposure.
    • Inflammatory leukocytes are responsible for much of the epithelial cell injury in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the processes involved in immune responses, including the role of plasma cells, antibody production, and immunologic memory.

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