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Questions and Answers
Which type of drugs block the penetration of viruses into cells?
Which type of drugs block the penetration of viruses into cells?
- Immune globulins (correct)
- Antivirals
- Antibiotics
- Steroids
Which drugs are used to treat Influenza A and B and inhibit neuraminidase?
Which drugs are used to treat Influenza A and B and inhibit neuraminidase?
- Cilgavimab, Tixagevimab
- Steroids
- Baloxavir
- Zanamivir, Oseltamivir, Peramivir (correct)
Which drug is inhaled and can cause bronchospasm as an adverse effect?
Which drug is inhaled and can cause bronchospasm as an adverse effect?
- Baloxavir
- Zanamivir (correct)
- Peramivir
- Oseltamivir
Which drug is preferred during pregnancy/nursing for treating Influenza A and B?
Which drug is preferred during pregnancy/nursing for treating Influenza A and B?
Which drug inhibits the endonuclease activity of the polymerase acidic protein in the viral RNA polymerase complex?
Which drug inhibits the endonuclease activity of the polymerase acidic protein in the viral RNA polymerase complex?
Which drug is a prodrug to acyclovir and is available orally for the treatment of HSV (herpes simple virus) and VZV (varicellar zoster virus)?
Which drug is a prodrug to acyclovir and is available orally for the treatment of HSV (herpes simple virus) and VZV (varicellar zoster virus)?
Which route of administration is NOT used for acyclovir?
Which route of administration is NOT used for acyclovir?
Which drug is an analog of acyclovir and is used in combination with other drugs for the treatment of herpes infections?
Which drug is an analog of acyclovir and is used in combination with other drugs for the treatment of herpes infections?
Which drug is an OTC fusion inhibitor for orolabial HSV?
Which drug is an OTC fusion inhibitor for orolabial HSV?
Which enzyme does acyclovir triphosphate inhibit?
Which enzyme does acyclovir triphosphate inhibit?
What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir triphosphate?
What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir triphosphate?
What is the active form of acyclovir inside cells?
What is the active form of acyclovir inside cells?
Which drug is a prodrug of penciclovir and is available orally for the treatment of HSV and VZV?
Which drug is a prodrug of penciclovir and is available orally for the treatment of HSV and VZV?
Which drug is an inhibitor of DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and HIV reverse transcriptase? It is used in treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes in acyclovir-resistance.
Which drug is an inhibitor of DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and HIV reverse transcriptase? It is used in treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes in acyclovir-resistance.
Which drug is most nephrotoxic?
Which drug is most nephrotoxic?
Which drug is associated with bone marrow suppression and anemia as adverse effects?
Which drug is associated with bone marrow suppression and anemia as adverse effects?
What are the routes of administration for Ganciclovir/Valganciclovir?
What are the routes of administration for Ganciclovir/Valganciclovir?
Which virus does Ribavirin primarily target?
Which virus does Ribavirin primarily target?
What is the main adverse effect of Palivizumab?
What is the main adverse effect of Palivizumab?
What is the mechanism of action of Ribavirin?
What is the mechanism of action of Ribavirin?
Which drug is used for the prevention of RSV in high-risk children by inhibiting fusion?
Which drug is used for the prevention of RSV in high-risk children by inhibiting fusion?
Which drug is associated with an increased risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal side effects?
Which drug is associated with an increased risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal side effects?
Which type of drugs activate host cell JAK kinases and inhibit viral protein synthesis?
Which type of drugs activate host cell JAK kinases and inhibit viral protein synthesis?
Which drug is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and can also inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase?
Which drug is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and can also inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase?
Which drug is associated with flu-like symptoms, decreased white blood cell count, and headache as adverse reactions?
Which drug is associated with flu-like symptoms, decreased white blood cell count, and headache as adverse reactions?
Which drug inhibits HBV DNA polymerase and is associated with nausea, diarrhea, and nephrotoxicity as adverse effects?
Which drug inhibits HBV DNA polymerase and is associated with nausea, diarrhea, and nephrotoxicity as adverse effects?
Which drug is primarily used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and HCV and can also be used for malignant melanoma and laryngeal papillomatosis?
Which drug is primarily used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and HCV and can also be used for malignant melanoma and laryngeal papillomatosis?
Which drug is an NS5A protein inhibitor for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C?
Which drug is an NS5A protein inhibitor for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C?
Which drug is an NS3/4 protease inhibitor for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C?
Which drug is an NS3/4 protease inhibitor for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C?
Which drug is an add-on treatment for genotype 3 Chronic Hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis?
Which drug is an add-on treatment for genotype 3 Chronic Hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis?
Which drug is an NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C?
Which drug is an NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C?
Which drug is an add-on treatment for genotype 3 Chronic Hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis?
Which drug is an add-on treatment for genotype 3 Chronic Hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis?
Which drug is an IV nucleotide prodrug that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
Which drug is an IV nucleotide prodrug that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
Which drug, when taken orally, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 protein to decrease replication?
Which drug, when taken orally, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 protein to decrease replication?
Which drug is commonly associated with adverse effects such as myalgias, taste impairment, increased blood pressure, and diarrhea?
Which drug is commonly associated with adverse effects such as myalgias, taste impairment, increased blood pressure, and diarrhea?
Which treatment for HPV warts works by destroying warts through chemical coagulation of proteins?
Which treatment for HPV warts works by destroying warts through chemical coagulation of proteins?
Which treatment for HPV warts works by arresting virus mitosis in metaphase?
Which treatment for HPV warts works by arresting virus mitosis in metaphase?
Which treatment for HPV warts works by stimulating the production of interferon and other cytokines?
Which treatment for HPV warts works by stimulating the production of interferon and other cytokines?
Which drug combination is used for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?
Which drug combination is used for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)?
Which drug combination is used for Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)?
Which drug combination is used for Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)?
Which drug class is common to both PrEP and PEP?
Which drug class is common to both PrEP and PEP?
Which class of drugs inhibits DNA synthesis via viral reverse transcriptase (RT)?
Which class of drugs inhibits DNA synthesis via viral reverse transcriptase (RT)?
What are the most frequently used drugs for reverse transcriptase inhibition?
What are the most frequently used drugs for reverse transcriptase inhibition?
What are the adverse reactions associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)?
What are the adverse reactions associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)?
Which class of drugs competitively inhibits HIV protease to inhibit formation of mature viral proteins?
Which class of drugs competitively inhibits HIV protease to inhibit formation of mature viral proteins?
Which class of drugs prevent the incorporation of viral DNA into host chromosomal DNA to prevent replication?
Which class of drugs prevent the incorporation of viral DNA into host chromosomal DNA to prevent replication?
Which drug is a CCR5 co-receptor inhibitor used mostly as an alternative in patients resistant to other treatments?
Which drug is a CCR5 co-receptor inhibitor used mostly as an alternative in patients resistant to other treatments?
Which drug prevents fusion by binding to gp41 protein on the surface of HIV?
Which drug prevents fusion by binding to gp41 protein on the surface of HIV?
Which class of drugs is used mostly as alternatives in patients resistant to other treatments?
Which class of drugs is used mostly as alternatives in patients resistant to other treatments?
Which class of drugs competitively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase to prevent the synthesis of viral DNA?
Which class of drugs competitively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase to prevent the synthesis of viral DNA?
Which type of drugs are protease inhibitors?
Which type of drugs are protease inhibitors?
Which type of drugs are protein inhibitors?
Which type of drugs are protein inhibitors?
Which type of drugs are RNA polymerase inhibitors?
Which type of drugs are RNA polymerase inhibitors?
Which suffix is commonly found in drugs that are integrase inhibitors?
Which suffix is commonly found in drugs that are integrase inhibitors?
Study Notes
Antiviral Drug Types and Mechanisms
- Drugs that block viral penetration into cells are known as entry inhibitors.
- Influenza A and B treatments that inhibit neuraminidase include oseltamivir and zanamivir.
- Zanamivir is inhaled and can cause bronchospasm as an adverse effect.
- Oseltamivir is preferred during pregnancy/nursing for treating Influenza A and B.
- Baloxavir marboxil inhibits the endonuclease activity of the polymerase acidic protein in the viral RNA polymerase complex.
Herpes Simplex Virus Treatments
- Valacyclovir is a prodrug to acyclovir and is available orally for HSV and VZV treatment.
- Acyclovir is not administered via the intramuscular route.
- Famciclovir is an analog of acyclovir used in combination with other drugs for herpes infections.
- Abreva (docosanol) is an OTC fusion inhibitor for orolabial HSV.
Acyclovir Mechanism and Activity
- Acyclovir triphosphate inhibits viral DNA polymerase.
- Acyclovir triphosphate functions by selectively binding to viral DNA during replication.
- The active form of acyclovir inside cells is acyclovir triphosphate.
- Penciclovir is a prodrug of penciclovir available orally for HSV and VZV treatment.
Other Antiviral Agents
- Cidofovir inhibits DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and HIV reverse transcriptase, used for cytomegalovirus (CMV) and acyclovir-resistant herpes.
- Adefovir dipivoxil is the most nephrotoxic antiviral agent.
- Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir are administered intravenously and orally.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Treatments
- Ribavirin primarily targets respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
- The main adverse effect of Palivizumab is injection site reactions.
- Ribavirin works by inhibiting viral RNA synthesis.
Hepatitis Treatments
- Palivizumab prevents RSV in high-risk children by inhibiting fusion.
- Sofosbuvir is an NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor for chronic Hepatitis C treatment.
- Peginterferon alfa-2a is associated with flu-like symptoms and decreased white blood cell count.
- Lamivudine inhibits HBV DNA polymerase and is associated with nausea, diarrhea, and nephrotoxicity.
Chronic Hepatitis C Medication Classifications
- Ledipasvir is an NS5A protein inhibitor for Chronic Hepatitis C.
- Simeprevir is an NS3/4 protease inhibitor for Chronic Hepatitis C treatment.
- Daclatasvir is an add-on treatment for genotype 3 Chronic Hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis.
Novel SARS-CoV-2 Treatments
- Remdesivir is an IV nucleotide prodrug that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
- Molnupiravir when taken orally inhibits SARS-CoV-2 protein replication.
- Common adverse effects of Molnupiravir include myalgias, taste impairment, increased blood pressure, and diarrhea.
HPV Treatments
- Trichloroacetic acid treats HPV warts by destroying warts through chemical coagulation of proteins.
- Vincristine works by arresting virus mitosis in metaphase.
- Imiquimod stimulates production of interferon and other cytokines.
HIV Prevention and Treatment
- PrEP drug combination typically includes tenofovir and emtricitabine.
- PEP drug combination often includes a regimen of antiretroviral therapy within 72 hours of exposure.
- NNRTIs are common to both PrEP and PEP.
NRTI and Other Drug Classes
- NRTIs inhibit DNA synthesis via viral reverse transcriptase (RT).
- Commonly used drugs for reverse transcriptase inhibition include zidovudine and lamivudine.
- Adverse reactions associated with NRTIs include lactic acidosis and hepatotoxicity.
Protease and Integrase Inhibitors
- Protease inhibitors competitively inhibit HIV protease, affecting viral protein maturation.
- Integrase inhibitors prevent the integration of viral DNA into host DNA to inhibit replication.
- Maraviroc is a CCR5 co-receptor inhibitor used for resistant patients.
- Enfuvirtide prevents fusion by targeting gp41 on HIV surface proteins.
Drug Classes Reflection
- Classes of drugs are used as alternatives for patients resistant to other treatments include integrase inhibitors and some protease inhibitors.
- Common suffix for integrase inhibitors is “-gravir”.
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"Test your knowledge on immune globulins and antiviral drugs with this quiz! Learn about how immune globulins block virus penetration into cells and explore specific examples like Cilgavimab and Tixagevimab for SARS-CoV
