Immigration to the USA (1820-1924)

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Questions and Answers

What is one significant positive effect of migration on destination regions?

  • Increased agricultural dependency
  • Economic growth through industrialization (correct)
  • Urban overcrowding issues
  • Cultural conflicts among different groups

Which factor contributed to the creation of structured environments for newcomers?

  • Racial stratification in the Midwest
  • Limited job opportunities
  • Established immigrant networks (correct)
  • Declining urban infrastructure

What was a potential negative effect of immigration in urban areas?

  • Integration of diverse cultures
  • Suppressed wages for immigrant workers (correct)
  • Rural economic development
  • Increased innovation in industries

How did migration contribute to cultural diversity in America?

<p>By introducing new ideas and traditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What long-term impact did migration have on regions like the industrial Northeast?

<p>Sustained economic growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor driving anti-Chinese sentiment in the U.S. during the early 20th century?

<p>Economic competition perceived from Chinese laborers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Imposition of strict regulations on Chinese re-entry impact immigration patterns?

<p>It encouraged Chinese immigrants to settle in urban Chinatowns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did existing Spanish communities in Latin America play in influencing Spanish emigration patterns?

<p>They provided support systems and job opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did institutional barriers in the U.S. affect Spanish migration?

<p>They led to a preference for Northern and Western Europeans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the long-term effects of institutional exclusion of Chinese immigrants in the U.S.?

<p>It established a precedent for future immigration restrictions targeting other groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the limited prominence of Chinese immigrants in American society during the early 20th century?

<p>Marginalization in economic and social opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of racial discrimination and xenophobia on Chinese laborers in the U.S.?

<p>It resulted in societal and institutional exclusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Spanish emigrants find Latin America a more appealing destination than the U.S.?

<p>Cultural and historical ties facilitated integration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a push factor for immigrants from Europe between 1820 and 1924?

<p>Economic hardship in the home country (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant pull factor for immigrants coming to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

<p>Demand for labor due to industrialization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did improved transportation advance immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe?

<p>Steamship travel made migration more accessible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What resulted from the rising nativist attitudes in the United States during the 1920s?

<p>Implementation of quotas favoring Northern and Western Europeans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group experienced a significant surge in immigration from 1880 to 1920?

<p>Individuals from Southern Europe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did restrictive immigration policies after 1920 have on labor supply?

<p>They caused labor shortages in various sectors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a primary reason for the increase in immigration from Central and Eastern Europe in the late 19th century?

<p>Economic hardship and political turmoil in their home countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common reason for the decline in immigration after 1920?

<p>Introduction of the Immigration Act of 1924 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Immigration and Wage Pressure

Increased immigration leads to a larger labor supply, potentially depressing wages. This can favor landowners over workers.

Immigration Act of 1924

US law that severely restricted immigration, favoring immigrants from Northern & Western Europe over others.

19th Century Immigration

Mostly from Northern and Western Europe (like Germany and Ireland) initially.

Early 20th Century Immigration

Saw a shift to Central and Eastern Europe (like Russia, Poland) and Southern Europe (like Italy).

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Immigration Trend Change

Between 1850-1920, a notable shift from Northern/Western European immigration to Central/Eastern & Southern European immigration.

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Push Factors

Conditions in a country (e.g., poverty, political unrest, lack of opportunity) that incentivize people to leave.

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Economic Opportunity

The belief in possible economic improvement, which frequently motivated immigration.

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Wage-Rent Ratio

A measure of the balance between wages paid to workers and rent paid for land and property.

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Immigrant impact on US Regions

Immigrants significantly shaped US economic and cultural development, especially in industrial areas like Northeast and Midwest.

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Positive effects of migration

Economic growth, population increase, multiculturalism, and innovation were positive impacts of migration.

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Negative effects of migration

Overcrowding, wage depression, tensions with locals, and restricted integration were downsides of migration in certain areas.

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Economic growth linked to migration

Immigrant workers drove industrial and agricultural expansion, leading to economic prosperity.

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Long-term US development, positive vs. negative

Positive impacts of migration such as increased economy and cultural diversity had stronger impact in driving long-term development than negative effects in regions like the Northeast and Midwest

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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

A US law that banned Chinese immigration and prevented those already in the US from becoming citizens.

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Anti-Chinese Sentiment

Negative feelings towards Chinese immigrants, fueled by economic competition and racial prejudice.

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Chinatowns

Areas where Chinese immigrants clustered due to social and economic exclusion.

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Institutional Exclusion

Policies and practices that create barriers for certain groups, like laws or social norms.

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Spanish Ties to Latin America

Shared history, language, and culture between Spain and Latin American nations.

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Support Networks for Spanish Migrants

Existing Spanish communities in Latin America that offer help and support systems.

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Institutional Bias

Favoring certain groups over others through policies and laws, often based on nationality.

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Factors Influencing Spanish Emigration

Reasons why Spaniards were more likely to move to Latin America than the U.S., like cultural ties, economic opportunities, and US policies.

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Study Notes

Immigration to the USA (1820-1924)

  • Analysis of annual immigrant entries into the USA between 1820 and 1924
  • Data is in an Excel spreadsheet
  • Graph of total migratory flows from 1820 to 1924 needed for analysis
  • Key questions on the graph include when the largest migration boom occurred and if it coincided with the Transport Revolution
  • Transport Revolution occurred in the 19th century with trains (1830), steam navigation (1850), and motor cars/aviation (1900)
  • Three main periods of migration to the USA: 1850-1854, 1882 and 1902, and early 20th century
  • 1850-1854 migration likely due to railways and steamboats aiding passenger transport, rather than solely goods transport.
  • 1882 and 1902 peaks likely linked to transport revolution continuity, or lower transport costs, or other external factors.
  • Early 20th century boom potentially due to widespread use of automobiles and airplanes.

Heckscher-Ohlin Model & Immigration

  • Heckscher-Ohlin model: Countries export goods using abundant factors
  • USA had abundant land relative to labour in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
  • This led to capitalising on land-intensive production.
  • However, increased immigration increased labour supply, potentially lowering wages and increasing the wage-rent ratio, favouring landowners.
  • 1920s saw a sharp drop in immigration due to stricter immigration policies, restricting labour inflow and potentially increasing wages relative to land rents.

Origin of European Immigrants (1820-1924)

  • Clear change in immigration trends between 1850 and 1920
  • Early period (1850-1880s): Dominated by Northern/Western Europe (Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia)
  • Later period (1880s-1920): Shift to Central/Eastern & Southern Europe. High growth in immigration from Central & Eastern Europe peaking around 1900. Significant increase in Southern European immigration in early 20th century.
  • Post-1920 decline: Significant drop in immigration from all regions as restrictive US policies, e.g., Immigration Act of 1924, implemented quotas heavily favouring Northern/Western Europe immigrants.

Factors Influencing Immigration Origins

  • Geographical Proximity: Closer countries (Mexico, Cuba) had higher immigration rates due to easier/cheaper travel.
  • Economic Opportunities: Higher demand for labour in industries (agriculture, manufacturing, mining) attracted immigrants from areas with lower wages and population pressures.
  • Social/Ethnic Networks: Existing immigrant communities provided support systems (housing, jobs, social networks).
  • Political/Institutional Factors: Wars, persecutions, and restrictive emigration policies in origin countries influenced immigration flows
  • Examples: Eastern European Jews fleeing pogroms, Irish fleeing famine.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

  • First significant US law restricting immigration based on ethnicity/nationality
  • Prohibited Chinese laborers entering the USA for 10 years, expandable.
  • Prevented obtaining citizenship/restricted re-entry after leaving
  • Anti-Chinese sentiment, due to economic competition and racial discrimination, reinforced this act
  • Dramatically reduced Chinese immigration, with minimal presence by 1910.
  • Chinese immigrants often settled in Chinatowns for isolation.

Spanish Immigration Patterns

  • Strong cultural/historical ties to Latin America
  • Existing Spanish communities in Latin America provided support systems.
  • Immigration policies in the USA favored Northern/Western over Southern Europeans.
  • Economic opportunities prevalent in Latin American countries for labour, particularly for agriculture, infrastructure and industry, during the late 19th & early 20th centuries
  • Easy and affordable travel to Latin America compared to crossing the Atlantic to the USA.

Regional Patterns in the USA (Gangs of New York, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Django Unchained)

  • Northeast: Dense urban environments, immigrant tensions, heavy Irish and Italian populations in factories, construction.
  • Midwest (The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly): Western/Midwest settings during the Civil War, however, the Midwest also shows characteristics of open lands and opportunities for immigrants, rural-to-urban shifts/farmland for homesteaders (Germans, Scandinavians).
  • South (Django Unchained): Plantation economy, racial hierarchy. Relatively few immigrants compared to other areas – mainly involved in agriculture/small industries.

Long-Term Effects of Immigration on Destination Regions

  • Positive: Economic growth, population growth, cultural diversity, innovation.
  • Negative: Urban overcrowding, labour competition, cultural conflicts, limited integration.
  • Conclusion: Positive impacts (economic contributions, cultural enrichment) during the period outweighed negative impacts (such as congestion and discrimination), contributing to overall long-term development in major regions like the Northeast and agricultural Midwest.

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