Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one significant positive effect of migration on destination regions?
What is one significant positive effect of migration on destination regions?
- Increased agricultural dependency
- Economic growth through industrialization (correct)
- Urban overcrowding issues
- Cultural conflicts among different groups
Which factor contributed to the creation of structured environments for newcomers?
Which factor contributed to the creation of structured environments for newcomers?
- Racial stratification in the Midwest
- Limited job opportunities
- Established immigrant networks (correct)
- Declining urban infrastructure
What was a potential negative effect of immigration in urban areas?
What was a potential negative effect of immigration in urban areas?
- Integration of diverse cultures
- Suppressed wages for immigrant workers (correct)
- Rural economic development
- Increased innovation in industries
How did migration contribute to cultural diversity in America?
How did migration contribute to cultural diversity in America?
What long-term impact did migration have on regions like the industrial Northeast?
What long-term impact did migration have on regions like the industrial Northeast?
What was a significant factor driving anti-Chinese sentiment in the U.S. during the early 20th century?
What was a significant factor driving anti-Chinese sentiment in the U.S. during the early 20th century?
How did the Imposition of strict regulations on Chinese re-entry impact immigration patterns?
How did the Imposition of strict regulations on Chinese re-entry impact immigration patterns?
What role did existing Spanish communities in Latin America play in influencing Spanish emigration patterns?
What role did existing Spanish communities in Latin America play in influencing Spanish emigration patterns?
How did institutional barriers in the U.S. affect Spanish migration?
How did institutional barriers in the U.S. affect Spanish migration?
What was one of the long-term effects of institutional exclusion of Chinese immigrants in the U.S.?
What was one of the long-term effects of institutional exclusion of Chinese immigrants in the U.S.?
Which factor contributed to the limited prominence of Chinese immigrants in American society during the early 20th century?
Which factor contributed to the limited prominence of Chinese immigrants in American society during the early 20th century?
What was the impact of racial discrimination and xenophobia on Chinese laborers in the U.S.?
What was the impact of racial discrimination and xenophobia on Chinese laborers in the U.S.?
Why did Spanish emigrants find Latin America a more appealing destination than the U.S.?
Why did Spanish emigrants find Latin America a more appealing destination than the U.S.?
Which of the following best describes a push factor for immigrants from Europe between 1820 and 1924?
Which of the following best describes a push factor for immigrants from Europe between 1820 and 1924?
What was a significant pull factor for immigrants coming to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
What was a significant pull factor for immigrants coming to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
How did improved transportation advance immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe?
How did improved transportation advance immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe?
What resulted from the rising nativist attitudes in the United States during the 1920s?
What resulted from the rising nativist attitudes in the United States during the 1920s?
Which group experienced a significant surge in immigration from 1880 to 1920?
Which group experienced a significant surge in immigration from 1880 to 1920?
What impact did restrictive immigration policies after 1920 have on labor supply?
What impact did restrictive immigration policies after 1920 have on labor supply?
Which of the following describes a primary reason for the increase in immigration from Central and Eastern Europe in the late 19th century?
Which of the following describes a primary reason for the increase in immigration from Central and Eastern Europe in the late 19th century?
What was a common reason for the decline in immigration after 1920?
What was a common reason for the decline in immigration after 1920?
Flashcards
Immigration and Wage Pressure
Immigration and Wage Pressure
Increased immigration leads to a larger labor supply, potentially depressing wages. This can favor landowners over workers.
Immigration Act of 1924
Immigration Act of 1924
US law that severely restricted immigration, favoring immigrants from Northern & Western Europe over others.
19th Century Immigration
19th Century Immigration
Mostly from Northern and Western Europe (like Germany and Ireland) initially.
Early 20th Century Immigration
Early 20th Century Immigration
Saw a shift to Central and Eastern Europe (like Russia, Poland) and Southern Europe (like Italy).
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Immigration Trend Change
Immigration Trend Change
Between 1850-1920, a notable shift from Northern/Western European immigration to Central/Eastern & Southern European immigration.
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Push Factors
Push Factors
Conditions in a country (e.g., poverty, political unrest, lack of opportunity) that incentivize people to leave.
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Economic Opportunity
Economic Opportunity
The belief in possible economic improvement, which frequently motivated immigration.
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Wage-Rent Ratio
Wage-Rent Ratio
A measure of the balance between wages paid to workers and rent paid for land and property.
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Immigrant impact on US Regions
Immigrant impact on US Regions
Immigrants significantly shaped US economic and cultural development, especially in industrial areas like Northeast and Midwest.
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Positive effects of migration
Positive effects of migration
Economic growth, population increase, multiculturalism, and innovation were positive impacts of migration.
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Negative effects of migration
Negative effects of migration
Overcrowding, wage depression, tensions with locals, and restricted integration were downsides of migration in certain areas.
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Economic growth linked to migration
Economic growth linked to migration
Immigrant workers drove industrial and agricultural expansion, leading to economic prosperity.
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Long-term US development, positive vs. negative
Long-term US development, positive vs. negative
Positive impacts of migration such as increased economy and cultural diversity had stronger impact in driving long-term development than negative effects in regions like the Northeast and Midwest
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
A US law that banned Chinese immigration and prevented those already in the US from becoming citizens.
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Anti-Chinese Sentiment
Anti-Chinese Sentiment
Negative feelings towards Chinese immigrants, fueled by economic competition and racial prejudice.
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Chinatowns
Chinatowns
Areas where Chinese immigrants clustered due to social and economic exclusion.
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Institutional Exclusion
Institutional Exclusion
Policies and practices that create barriers for certain groups, like laws or social norms.
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Spanish Ties to Latin America
Spanish Ties to Latin America
Shared history, language, and culture between Spain and Latin American nations.
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Support Networks for Spanish Migrants
Support Networks for Spanish Migrants
Existing Spanish communities in Latin America that offer help and support systems.
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Institutional Bias
Institutional Bias
Favoring certain groups over others through policies and laws, often based on nationality.
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Factors Influencing Spanish Emigration
Factors Influencing Spanish Emigration
Reasons why Spaniards were more likely to move to Latin America than the U.S., like cultural ties, economic opportunities, and US policies.
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Immigration to the USA (1820-1924)
- Analysis of annual immigrant entries into the USA between 1820 and 1924
- Data is in an Excel spreadsheet
- Graph of total migratory flows from 1820 to 1924 needed for analysis
- Key questions on the graph include when the largest migration boom occurred and if it coincided with the Transport Revolution
- Transport Revolution occurred in the 19th century with trains (1830), steam navigation (1850), and motor cars/aviation (1900)
- Three main periods of migration to the USA: 1850-1854, 1882 and 1902, and early 20th century
- 1850-1854 migration likely due to railways and steamboats aiding passenger transport, rather than solely goods transport.
- 1882 and 1902 peaks likely linked to transport revolution continuity, or lower transport costs, or other external factors.
- Early 20th century boom potentially due to widespread use of automobiles and airplanes.
Heckscher-Ohlin Model & Immigration
- Heckscher-Ohlin model: Countries export goods using abundant factors
- USA had abundant land relative to labour in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
- This led to capitalising on land-intensive production.
- However, increased immigration increased labour supply, potentially lowering wages and increasing the wage-rent ratio, favouring landowners.
- 1920s saw a sharp drop in immigration due to stricter immigration policies, restricting labour inflow and potentially increasing wages relative to land rents.
Origin of European Immigrants (1820-1924)
- Clear change in immigration trends between 1850 and 1920
- Early period (1850-1880s): Dominated by Northern/Western Europe (Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia)
- Later period (1880s-1920): Shift to Central/Eastern & Southern Europe. High growth in immigration from Central & Eastern Europe peaking around 1900. Significant increase in Southern European immigration in early 20th century.
- Post-1920 decline: Significant drop in immigration from all regions as restrictive US policies, e.g., Immigration Act of 1924, implemented quotas heavily favouring Northern/Western Europe immigrants.
Factors Influencing Immigration Origins
- Geographical Proximity: Closer countries (Mexico, Cuba) had higher immigration rates due to easier/cheaper travel.
- Economic Opportunities: Higher demand for labour in industries (agriculture, manufacturing, mining) attracted immigrants from areas with lower wages and population pressures.
- Social/Ethnic Networks: Existing immigrant communities provided support systems (housing, jobs, social networks).
- Political/Institutional Factors: Wars, persecutions, and restrictive emigration policies in origin countries influenced immigration flows
- Examples: Eastern European Jews fleeing pogroms, Irish fleeing famine.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
- First significant US law restricting immigration based on ethnicity/nationality
- Prohibited Chinese laborers entering the USA for 10 years, expandable.
- Prevented obtaining citizenship/restricted re-entry after leaving
- Anti-Chinese sentiment, due to economic competition and racial discrimination, reinforced this act
- Dramatically reduced Chinese immigration, with minimal presence by 1910.
- Chinese immigrants often settled in Chinatowns for isolation.
Spanish Immigration Patterns
- Strong cultural/historical ties to Latin America
- Existing Spanish communities in Latin America provided support systems.
- Immigration policies in the USA favored Northern/Western over Southern Europeans.
- Economic opportunities prevalent in Latin American countries for labour, particularly for agriculture, infrastructure and industry, during the late 19th & early 20th centuries
- Easy and affordable travel to Latin America compared to crossing the Atlantic to the USA.
Regional Patterns in the USA (Gangs of New York, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Django Unchained)
- Northeast: Dense urban environments, immigrant tensions, heavy Irish and Italian populations in factories, construction.
- Midwest (The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly): Western/Midwest settings during the Civil War, however, the Midwest also shows characteristics of open lands and opportunities for immigrants, rural-to-urban shifts/farmland for homesteaders (Germans, Scandinavians).
- South (Django Unchained): Plantation economy, racial hierarchy. Relatively few immigrants compared to other areas – mainly involved in agriculture/small industries.
Long-Term Effects of Immigration on Destination Regions
- Positive: Economic growth, population growth, cultural diversity, innovation.
- Negative: Urban overcrowding, labour competition, cultural conflicts, limited integration.
- Conclusion: Positive impacts (economic contributions, cultural enrichment) during the period outweighed negative impacts (such as congestion and discrimination), contributing to overall long-term development in major regions like the Northeast and agricultural Midwest.
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