27 Questions
What are the key components of bacteria that antibiotics bind to impair their function?
Cell wall and membrane
What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in terms of their cell wall structure?
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer
What are the three major mechanisms of resistance that bacteria may develop?
Evading mechanisms of resistance, changing the target site, and producing enzymes that inactivate the antibiotic
What are the major types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
What is the role of Neutrophils?
Defense against bacteria and fungi
What is the MOA of Vancomycin?
Inhibition of late cell wall synthesis, forms complexes with the carboxyl-terminal D-alanine residues of peptidoglycan precursors
What is the treatment of choice for methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
Vancomycin
What is the treatment of choice for gram-negative anaerobes?
Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella spp., and Fusobacterium necrophorum
What is the gold standard for monomicrobial MSSA infections?
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
What is the coverage of Beta-lactam/Beta-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLI)?
Streptococci, Anaerobes, Enterobacterales, and Pseudomonas (Pip/Taz only)
Which generation of cephalosporins has improved activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis compared to first generation?
Second Generation
What are the primary side effects of amoxicillin?
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, liver injury
What is the treatment of choice for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)?
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
What is the primary mode of elimination for dicloxacillin?
Primary through feces
What is the gram-negative aerobic activity of ampicillin/sulbactam?
E. coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus Mirabilis Haemophilus influenzae* Moraxella catarrhalis* Pasteurella multocida* Capnocytophaga spp. * Acinetobacter baumannii * More activity against all gram negatives, including more resistant E. coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus spp.
What are the different types of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
Bacteremia, cellulitis, pneumonia, nosocomial infections, bone and joint infections
Which bacteria cause respiratory tract infections?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis
What are the different types of penicillins?
Natural penicillins, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, penicillin beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations
What are the mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
Beta-lactamase enzymes, efflux pumps, decreased outer membrane penetration, alteration of binding site
What are the common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with imipenem and meropenem?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, seizures (imipenem > meropenem > ertapenem).
What is the mechanism of action of Aztreonam?
Aztreonam binds to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), specifically PBP3, and inhibits cross-linking of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, leading to autolysis and cell death.
What are the barriers to entry into the body?
The skin, lining of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract.
What are the two systems of immunity?
Innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) immunity.
What is the treatment of choice for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, and cefiderocol are the treatment options for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Which generation cephalosporin has the broadest activity of all cephalosporins?
Fifth generation cephalosporins have the broadest activity of all cephalosporins.
Which cephalosporin has the best coverage of methicillin susceptible staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus?
Fifth generation cephalosporins have the best coverage of methicillin susceptible staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.
Which cephalosporins are active against extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing organisms?
Ceftiderocol, ceftazidime-avibactam, and ceftolozane-tazobactam are active against extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing organisms.
Test your knowledge on the activity and metabolism of Imipenem. Learn about its effectiveness against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, anaerobic bacteria, and its metabolism and elimination.
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