Imaging Systems: Transforms & System Theory

Which of the following best describes what a transform does in the context of image analysis?

Orthogonal basis images are preferred in image transforms because they introduce redundant information.

What key parameter does the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) quantify in imaging systems?

The Nyquist criterion dictates the minimum ______ frequency required to avoid losing information during digitization.

Match the following imaging modalities with their primary strengths:

What is the purpose of applying digital pulses to the gates in CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) image sensors?

Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) store electric changes, making them less ideal for extremely fast events compared to CCDs.

What type of distribution do detected photons follow, which is important for understanding noise characteristics?

In fluorescence, the emission of light occurs at a ______ energy (larger wavelength) compared to the absorbed light.

Which of the following is a key advantage of using 2-photon excitation microscopy?

X-rays are considered non-ionizing radiation, making them safe for all types of clinical imaging.

What is the appropriate probe wavelength length requirement for achieving adequate resolution?

What is the order of relative X-ray absorption in the human body (from least to most absorption)?

The goal during image reconstruction of the inner structure is to recover it from the ______.

Radiation exposure creates a unique cancer risk readily distinguished from cancer risk due to other environmental factors.

Which type of image compression is generally recommended when it is especially important to preserve all of the original image data?

According to the FDA's suggestion, what should be done before analysis of images to reduce file archiving demands?

Match the following terms with their definitions related to Fourier Transforms:

What are the two different methods used for visualizing 3D image data?

Stereotactic intervention utilizes a ______ dimensional coordinate system to accurately locate targets in the body

In computer graphics, the procedure involves linking points to display mathematical curves and areas?

What type of information is attributed to points, edges, and areas when forming polygons in polygonal modeling?

One limitation of Polygonal Modeling is that it has difficulty rendering ______ lines and patches.

Match the definition with the correct term:

Surface triangulation involves creating a topological skeleton of an object?

What is the term for the process of assigning colors to different sections of an image based on depth?

A ______ is the three-dimensional equivalent of a pixel.

Which of the following features are associated with volume rendition?

Image Order Rendering uses orthogonal projection to create images?

What are the two types of intensities that are handled in Volume Rendering?

Blending controls transparency or ______ by color, the color is a RGB-vector.

Which parameter is NOT used in the additional control of brightness?

3-D image processing is same as slice-by-slice image filtering.

The cubes of voxels of what size are analyzed with the Marching Cube?

For proper implant fitting into 3D Image Volume, ______ geometry is used.

Which of the following is a surface rendering technique?

Optical Tomography includes an increase, but not a reduction of blurr.

In the diagram, what is the name of the step following topology in the overall workflow options?

______ is required for quantitive assesment in volume rendering.

Which of the following is a benefit of surface rendering over volume rendering?

In Object Order Rendering, the process goes from the back to the front.

Name the type of projection that Object Order Rendering focuses on.

In stereoscopic CRT display systems, there is ______ multiplexed and time parallel.

What is a key advantage of Volume Rendering over Surface Rendering?

What is increased with optical tomography?

In the surface rendering workflow, ______ geometry is used.

Which parameter is used with Image Order Rendering?

Which of the following is a characteristic of surface rendering?

What is surface triangulation?

What is one advantage of surface rendering?

What is one benefit of Object Ordering Rendering?

What is one use of Surface Rendering?

What is color depth coding?

Which of the following techniques is used in 3D Visualization process?

What are the benifits to Non-invasive Serial Sectioning?

What is a limitation of Surface Rendering?

What is a key point about Virtual Reality in 3-D Visualization?

Which of the following is a limitation of polygonal modeling in 3D imaging?

In volume rendering, 'Image Order Rendering' projects voxels orthogonally onto the screen.

What is the primary function of blending in Volume Rendering regarding voxel intensities?

In 3D imaging, a pixel in a 2D image is analogous to a ______ in a 3D volume.

Match the following steps to create a visualization:

What is considered the basic cellular unit of the brain?

Extracellular recordings can only record the activity of a single neuron at a time.

Invasive recordings that use sharp or patch electrodes are known as ______ recordings.

Which of the following materials is NOT typically used for electrodes in extracellular recordings?

Intracellular recordings can measure subthreshold responses in neurons.

What term is used to describe the emission of light by an organism as the result of a chemical reaction?

What happens when a molecule undergoes fluorescence?

In fluorescence, the emitted light has a smaller wavelength than the absorbed light.

The process where a molecule absorbs a high-energy photon, placing it in a higher energy state, is a key step in ______.

Voltage-sensitive dyes are used to:

Voltage-sensitive dyes need to be genetically encoded to be used in neurons.

In the context of voltage-sensitive dyes, what does PeT stand for?

A major challenge with using dyes for imaging is the need to ______ to the specific neurons of interest.

What is the primary advantage of using genetically encoded indicators over synthetic dyes?

The use of GFP in cells allows for the cell itself to ______ the protein, which eliminates the need to inject synthetic dyes.

Which of the following is a limitation of using fluorescent proteins alone for imaging neural activity?

Name one type of sensor, other than calcium sensors, that can be combined with fluorescent proteins to image neural activity.

To image neural activity, fluorescent proteins are combined with proteins that change conformation in response to that activity, such as calcium sensors or ______ sensors.

What is the purpose of combining fluorescent proteins with other proteins to image neural activity?

Fluorescent proteins can act as indicators for neuronal activity all by themselves.

What does GECI stand for in the context of neural imaging?

GCaMP is an example of a ______ indicator used in neural imaging.

Which of the following is a well-known type of genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI)?

In two-photon microscopy, two photons combine to have the same effect as multiple lower energy photons.

Name the technique that permits deeper tissue penetration and minimizes photobleaching by exciting fluorescent proteins only at the focal point where two photons interact.

In two-photon microscopy, excitation of fluorescent proteins occurs only where two photons ______, reducing photobleaching.

Which of the following is a key advantage of two-photon microscopy over single-photon microscopy?

Two-photon microscopy results in more photobleaching than one-photon microscopy.

What is the proposed function of the Drosophila central complex?

The Drosophila central complex is thought to be involved in visual processing.

Light sheet microscopy allows you to image neural activity in an organism.

In light sheet microscopy, are samples illuminated from only one side?

In microscopy, light ______ is a method in which samples are illuminated with just a 'sheet' of light.

Light sheet microscopy is useful to image neural activity for what reason?

What is the primary advantage of using genetically encoded indicators, like GFP, for imaging neural activity, compared to synthetic dyes?

Extracellular recordings utilize sharp electrodes to record subthreshold responses from neurons.

What property of a molecule is key to fluorescence?

Two-photon microscopy reduces photobleaching because excitation occurs only where two ______ interact.

Which type of microscopy is particularly useful for imaging deeper into tissue with reduced photobleaching?

Match each voltage indicator with its correct description:

Which of the following is a limitation of imaging with dyes?

Fluorescent proteins can directly act as indicators of neural activity without needing additional components.

In the context of fluorescence, what happens when a molecule absorbs a high-energy photon?

What is the basic cellular unit of the brain?

Which of the following is NOT typically considered an area of use for clinical imaging methods?

In X-ray imaging, increasing the radiation dose always leads to a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

State the absorption law used in X-ray imaging.

In X-ray imaging, contrast is based on differential ________ of radiation by different tissues.

Match the following tissue types with their relative absorption of X-rays, from lowest to highest:

What is a primary disadvantage of projection X-ray imaging?

Perfusion imaging techniques can only be CT-based.

Name two parameters measured by sophisticated post-processing software in perfusion imaging.

The development of _________ in imaging allowed for true 3D imaging.

Which of the following describes a key requirement for a probe used in medical imaging?

Ultrasound imaging uses electromagnetic (EM) energy.

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of ultrasound imaging.

In ultrasound imaging, resolution is proportional to _________.

Which of the following best describes how X-ray imaging generates an image?

Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging is generally considered unsafe due to the use of ionizing radiation.

What physical property does ultrasound measure to create images?

In Magnetic Resonance imaging, the signal, M(x,y,z), is proportional to _________.

Which imaging modality is generally the first choice for Neuro/Head assessment of bone structures?

Ultrasound is generally considered an excellent imaging modality for visualizing structures within the abdomen, regardless of air or gas interference.

Which modality could be merged with CT for extensive use in the heart?

For cardiovascular imaging, X-ray imaging is excellent when combined with ________ contrast.

Which imaging modality provides functional information on perfusion in the skeletal system?

MRI is considered not useful for imaging the cardiovascular system.

For skeletal/muscular imaging, which modality is strong for viewing the skeletal system?

Which of the following lists the modalities in order of capital cost, from lowest to highest?

Which of the following is a primary reason for using image compression?

All images benefit equally from compression techniques, regardless of their content.

What type of redundancy is exploited when compressing neighboring pixels that are not independent but correlated?

The difference between information and data is that data includes ______ data.

In the context of image compression, what does 'quantization' refer to?

Increasing the number of quantization levels always results in better image compression.

Name one factor, besides storage space, that makes image compression necessary.

The uncompressed bit rate of digital cinema data can exceed 1 ______ per second.

In image compression, 'spatial redundancy' refers to:

Spatial redundancy is about similarities that exist across multiple frames in a video sequence.

What term is used to describe the bits needed to represent an image?

Image compression exploits the fact that all images are not equally ______.

Which type of redundancy considers how the human eye perceives visual information when compressing images?

Psychovisual redundancy relies on similarities that exist across frames in a video sequence.

What equation represents the composition of data in terms of information and redundancy?

In the equation Bit Rate = NQF, N represents the number of ______.

What does decreasing 'Q' (Quantization bits/pixel) in the equation Bit Rate = NQF create?

Decreasing frame rate will increase resolution

What is a primary goal in image compression, besides reducing file size?

Modern image processing is typically performed in the ______ domain.

Which of these is true of lossless compression?

Lossy image compression techniques guarantee perfect image data reconstruction upon decompression.

What type of coding is used by lossless compression?

JPEG is an example of a ______ image compression method.

Which of these file formats is typically associated with lossless compression?

JPEG files are best suited for logos and textual graphics.

What term describes the artifacts that can appear in an image from excessive compression?

In JPEG encoding, the 2D forward ______ is applied to preprocess the image.

What comes after image preprocessing in JPEG encoding steps?

After Quantization, apply 2D forward DCT.

In the JPEG Block Diagram, what immediately precedes the Entropy Encoder?

In JPEG compression, color transformation is ______.

What is the main purpose of applying the Forward DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) in image compression?

DFT is preferred over DCT for better approximations.

The intensity values in each color plane often change how?

______ is when the resulting image is 'close' to the original image.

According to the provided text, what should be done if in doubt about whether to use lossy or lossless compression?

Image compression is a new field with lots of room for improvement.

What type of redundancy describes predictions along motion trajectories?

_____DPCM is used to remove temporal redundancy first.

Which of the following accurately describes a primary reason for employing image compression techniques?

Spatial redundancy in images refers to the independence of neighboring pixels, meaning the value of one pixel does not correlate with the values of adjacent pixels.

Briefly explain how image compression exploits the characteristics of images to reduce file size.

In the context of image compression, the two main categories are ______ compression, which can reproduce the original data exactly, and ______ compression, which sacrifices some data to achieve higher compression ratios.

Match the following image compression concepts with their descriptions: