55 Questions
Which imaginary plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts?
Coronal/Frontal
Which body cavity contains the brain and meninges?
Cranial Cavity
What is the potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung called?
Pleural Cavity
In which body cavity are the stomach, spleen, liver, and gallbladder located?
Abdominal Cavity
What separates the various body cavities from one another?
Ligaments
How many abdominopelvic regions are created when the cavity is divided using the nine-region method?
9
Which of the following lines corresponds to L3 posteriorly in the abdominopelvic cavity division?
Superior horizontal line
Why are quadrants more commonly used by clinicians?
To describe the site of pain or abnormalities
What divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants?
One vertical line and one horizontal line
Where does the transverse plane pass through in the abdominopelvic cavity division?
Umbilicus
What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
Which body structure is located in the mediastinum within the thoracic cavity?
Thymus
Which cavity contains the internal organs of reproduction?
Pelvic cavity
In the abdominal cavity, which organ is NOT contained within the peritoneum?
Spleen
Which imaginary plane divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below) parts?
Transverse (Horizontal/axial)
Which method of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity is more commonly used for anatomical studies?
Nine-region division
Where does the inferior horizontal line, the transtubercular plane, pass through in the abdominopelvic cavity division?
Across the superior margins of the iliac crests
What is the purpose of using the quadrants division by clinicians?
For describing the site of abdominopelvic pain or a tumor
What divides the abdomino-pelvic cavity into four quadrants?
Transverse plane
Which vertical lines align like a tic-tac-toe grid to partition the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions?
Left and right midclavicular lines
The coronal plane divides the body into right and left parts.
False
The thoracic cavity includes the pleural and pericardial cavities but not the mediastinum.
False
The cranial cavity is formed by facial bones and contains the brain and meninges.
False
The transverse plane divides the body into superior (above) and inferior (below) parts.
True
The abdominal cavity contains the kidneys, pancreas, and bladder.
False
Anatomists and clinicians use three methods to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas.
False
The subcostal plane passes through the xiphoid process of the sternum.
True
The transverse plane in the abdominopelvic cavity division is a vertical line passing through the umbilicus.
False
The nine-region division is more commonly used by clinicians for describing abdominopelvic pain.
False
A median plane is a horizontal imaginary line drawn through the umbilicus.
False
What does a bone marrow biopsy allow for in the evaluation of pathology?
Evaluation of the marrow's overall cellularity
In the context of genetic testing, which technique involves a hybridization process?
Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
What does the intensity of cytoplasmic staining indicate in Immunohistochemistry (IHC)?
The scoring of the staining intensity
Which technique allows for the visualization of specific gene sequences in cells?
Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
What is the primary purpose of a bone marrow smear during an autopsy?
To study the bone marrow cell morphology
Which technique is NOT typically used for genetic testing involving specific gene sequences?
Blood Smear
What information does a Karyotype analysis provide in genetic testing?
Detection of chromosomal abnormalities
'Score 0' in Immunohistochemistry (IHC) indicates:
'No staining'
'Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)' is primarily used for:
Genetic testing of specific gene sequences
What aspect of blood cells does a blood smear primarily allow for when cytology is performed?
Analysis of cellular morphology
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
Regulation of processes above the conscious level
How does the somatic nervous system differ from the autonomic nervous system?
Processes regulated above the conscious level vs. processes regulated below the conscious level
How do neurons and neuroglia contribute to the nervous system?
Neurons transmit signals, neuroglia provide insulation and support
How do hormones interact with neurons in the body?
Neurons regulate hormone production
What is the significance of the interaction between the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system?
Endocrine system controls hormone production, autonomic nervous system regulates unconscious processes
The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating heart rate and blood pressure.
True
Regulation of secretion by the endocrine system can lead to overproduction or underproduction of hormones, disrupting homeostasis.
False
The autonomic nervous system is solely responsible for regulating processes that are consciously controlled.
False
Sleep cycles have no influence on hormone regulation within the endocrine system.
False
The interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system is essential for coordinating body responses to various stimuli.
True
What is the primary purpose of the transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
To produce high-resolution images of isolated particles and thin tissue sections
How does the scanning electron microscope (SEM) differ from the transmission electron microscope (TEM) in its operation?
The SEM requires the specimen to be coated with a thin layer of heavy metal, while the TEM does not
What is the primary purpose of adding heavy metal ions to the fixative or dehydrating solutions during tissue preparation for TEM?
To increase the contrast and resolution of the resulting images
Which statement best describes the appearance of TEM images?
TEM images are always black, white, and shades of gray due to electron absorption
What is the maximum theoretical resolution of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) mentioned in the text?
$3$ nm
Study Notes
Microscopy
- Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples and objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye
- Microscopy refers to any type of examination in the pathology lab workflow that is conducted with a microscope
- Microscopes enable pathologists to see abnormalities that would not be seen with the naked eye, such as fine structure, subtle color differences, or the number of cells in a certain specimen
Types of Microscopes
- Light Microscope (Optical Microscope)
- Uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify samples up to 1000 times
- Resolving power of 0.2 µm
- Common for general observation of tissues and cells
- Types: Phase contrast microscope, Polarizing Microscope, Confocal Microscope, Fluorescence Microscope
- Electron Microscope
- Based on the very short wavelength of electrons
- Resolving power of 1 nm
- Used for studying the ultrastructure of cells and tissues
- Types: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Light Microscope
- Contains two main lenses: objectives and eyepieces (ocular)
- Objective gathers the light that passes through the tissue, whereas the eyepiece projects the tissue image on the eye
- Total magnification is the result of multiplying the objective magnification by the eyepiece magnification
- Magnification and resolution power must not be confused
Electron Microscope
- Uses magnets instead of glass lenses, which work as magnetic lenses by concentrating the electron beam
- Changes in magnification power are set by modulating the speed of the electrons, which also modifies the wavelength frequency
- Requires a vacuum environment for the electrons to travel in
- Types: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Histology
- The microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
- Includes General Histology (study of the 4 basic tissues) and Systemic Histology (study of tissues of the different organs/organ systems)
Preparation of Tissue for Histological Study
- Fixing
- Processing (dehydration, clearing, and infiltration)
- Embedding
- Sectioning
- Mounting
Test your knowledge on imaginary planes used in anatomy, such as median, sagittal, coronal/frontal, and transverse/horizontal, as well as body cavities. Understand how these planes divide the body and the organs contained in different body cavities.
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