Image Processing Introduction 4th Stage CS
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Questions and Answers

What does a digital image represent?

  • A continuous set of values
  • An analog image as pixels
  • A two-dimensional image as a finite set of digital values (correct)
  • Only colors without grayscale

Which of the following best describes pixel values?

  • They only represent color information
  • They are constant for all digital images
  • They do not change during digitization
  • They typically represent gray levels or colors (correct)

What is an example of a low-level process in digital image processing?

  • Object recognition
  • Scene understanding
  • Image segmentation
  • Image sharpening (correct)

Which format is NOT commonly associated with digital images?

<p>2 samples per point (Cyan, Magenta) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first applications of digital images?

<p>Newspaper industry for picture transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of a mid-level process in image processing?

<p>Image attributes such as shapes and patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What development significantly reduced the time needed to transmit pictures across the Atlantic?

<p>The Bartlane cable picture transmission system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of high-level processes in digital image processing?

<p>Examples include noise removal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in the 1960s contributed to advancements in digital image processing?

<p>The onset of the space race (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique was notably used to improve the quality of images captured by the Ranger 7 probe?

<p>Digital filtering techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1979 for their work related to digital image processing?

<p>Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield and Prof. Allan M. Cormack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been one of the most common uses of digital image processing techniques?

<p>Image enhancement and restoration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The launch of which instrument in 1990 highlighted the need for advanced image processing techniques due to initial flaws?

<p>Hubble Telescope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area did digital image processing begin to be applied in the 1970s?

<p>Medical applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which application of digital image processing is utilized in law enforcement?

<p>Image forensics and analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What broad impact has digital image processing had since the 1980s?

<p>An explosion in the variety of applications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using telemedicine?

<p>It enables real-time consultations between specialists across different locations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do tiny cameras in pills provide compared to traditional endoscopes?

<p>They can capture images in high-quality colour without sedation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of digital image processing in law enforcement?

<p>Creating virtual reality simulations of crime scenes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?

<p>To manipulate satellite imagery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of edge detection in MRI imaging?

<p>To identify different types of tissue boundaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'visible light' in the context of the electromagnetic spectrum?

<p>It consists of wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 700 nm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of human-computer interfaces (HCI), which technology relates to gesture recognition?

<p>Tracking devices that capture user movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is commonly employed to enhance images captured by CCTV cameras?

<p>Motion blur reduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when white light passes through a prism?

<p>It analyzes into the colors of the rainbow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following colors are considered the primary colors in the additive color model?

<p>Red, Green, Blue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the RGB color model, how can any color be expressed mathematically?

<p>a<em>R + b</em>G + c*B where 0 ≤ a, b, c ≤ 1. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the reflectance of objects in relation to black and white colors?

<p>Objects that reflect balanced light in all visible wavelengths appear white. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true about color models other than RGB?

<p>They can transform images using mathematical linear formulae. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an image in digital image processing?

<p>A 2D function with spatial coordinates x and y (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sampling in the digitisation process?

<p>To discretize the continuous function into finite sets of values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of digital images, what does quantisation refer to?

<p>Digitizing the amplitude values of an image (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What affects the quality of a digitised image?

<p>Both the spatial and grey-level resolutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by image spatial resolution?

<p>The number of pixels relative to a given image area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 'g' represents the number of gray levels in an image, how is it expressed?

<p>As $g=2^k$ for some integer k (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a monochrome digital image, which of the following describes the function f(x,y)?

<p>A 2D light intensity function subject to spatial sampling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a digital image?

<p>A discretized 2D function with finite and discrete amplitude values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Digital Image

A representation of a two-dimensional image using a finite set of digital values (pixels).

Pixel

A single point in a digital image, representing a specific color or shade.

Image Formats (common)

Ways digital images are stored, differing in the number of color samples per pixel (e.g., grayscale, RGB, RGBA).

Digital Image Processing (DIP)

Techniques to manipulate and analyze digital images.

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Low-Level Processing

DIP methods changing image pixels directly (e.g., noise reduction).

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Mid-Level Processing

DIP methods extracting image attributes (e.g., object recognition).

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High-Level Processing

DIP methods to understand the scene in the image (e.g., scene understanding).

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Early Image Transmission

Early methods used coded signals to transmit pictures between locations, such as London and NYC.

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Digital Image Processing (DIP)

The use of computers to process images, improving image quality and information extraction

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1960s in DIP

Space race and improved computing drove increase in digital image processing usage. Example: Images from Ranger 7 probe.

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1970s in DIP

Digital image processing started to be used in medicine, leading to innovations like CAT scans.

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1979 Nobel Prize

Sir Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack shared the Nobel Prize for Computerized Axial Tomography(CAT) scans.

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1980s-Present DIP

Wide use of DIP techniques in various fields: image enhancement, medical visualization, industrial inspection, etc.

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Image Enhancement

Improving the quality of an image by removing noise or increasing clarity.

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Hubble Telescope and DIP

Image processing techniques were crucial in correcting the Hubble telescope's flawed mirror, enabling sharper images.

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Telemedicine

Using technology to share medical data, like images, over phones, PDAs, or the internet. It can allow remote consultations, examinations, and procedures.

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Image Processing

Using techniques to manipulate images from various sources to analyze data. e.g. medical scans, satellite imagery.

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MRI Scan

A medical imaging technique used to create detailed images of the inside of the body, especially of the heart.

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Edge Detection

A method of image processing to highlight the boundaries between different tissues due to different densities.

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GIS

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - A system for manipulating satellite images using digital image processing.

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Visible Light (VL)

A specific part of the electromagnetic spectrum, visible to the human eye, ranging from 400 to 700 nanometers.

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Tele-surgery

A method for performing surgeries remotely using technology.

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Visible Light Colors

White light, like sunlight, can be separated into the colors of the rainbow through a prism. Colors blend smoothly into each other.

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Black and White Objects

Black objects reflect no light, while white objects reflect all visible light wavelengths (balanced).

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Additive Light Colors

Mixing colors (red, green, blue) of light creates new colors. This is how color displays work.

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RGB Color Space

A 3-dimensional system using Red, Green, and Blue to describe any color. Each color intensity ranges between 0 and 1, with the total to 1.

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Color Models

Different ways of representing colors; RGB is common, but other models exist for specific tasks or uses.

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Color Image Channels

Color images are often split into separate channels for red, green, and blue (RGB).

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Color Transformation

Images can be converted between different color systems (e.g., RGB to grayscale) using mathematical formulas.

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Digital Image Processing

Using computers to process digital images, improving image quality or extracting information.

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Digital Image

A 2-dimensional array of discrete intensity values at specific locations (pixels).

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Sampling

Choosing discrete points in an image's x-y plane to represent it.

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Quantization

Assigning a number to the gray/color intensity level of each location (pixel).

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Spatial Resolution

Number of pixels in an image, related to the image area.

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Grey-level Resolution

Number of different shades or colors in an image.

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Image Resolution

Combination of spatial and grey-level resolution determining image quality.

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Study Notes

Image Processing Introduction

  • Image processing involves imaging systems, applications, representations, and tools.
  • The lecturer is Dr. Taban Fouad Majeed.
  • The course is 4th Stage CS, 2024-2025.

What is a Digital Image?

  • A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image as a finite set of digital values.
  • These values are called picture elements or pixels.
  • Pixel values typically represent gray levels or colors.
  • Digitization means a digital image approximates a real scene.
  • Common image formats include: one sample per point (black and white or grayscale), three samples per point (red, green, and blue), and four samples per point (red, green, blue, and "alpha").

What is DIP?

  • The processes of image processing to computer vision can be categorized into low, mid, and high level.
  • Low-level processes involve input images and output images. Examples include noise removal and image sharpening.
  • Mid-level processes involve an input image and output its attributes. Examples include object recognition and segmentation.
  • High-level processes involve input attributes and output understanding. Examples include scene understanding.

History of Digital Image Processing

  • Early applications were in the newspaper industry, using submarine cables to transmit pictures between London and New York.
  • The Bartlane cable picture transmission system (early 1920s) significantly reduced the time taken to transport a picture across the Atlantic, from more than a week to less than three hours. This involved specialized printing equipment for encoding and reconstruction at the receiving end..
  • 1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the space race spurred work in digital image processing.
  • 1964: Computers were used to enhance the quality of moon images captured by the Ranger 7 probe.
  • 1970s: Digital image processing found use in medical applications.
  • 1979: Sir Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack won the Nobel Prize for inventing computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans
  • 1980s to Today: The use of digital image processing techniques expanded, encompassing tasks like image enhancement/restoration, artistic effects, medical visualization, industrial inspection, law enforcement, and human-computer interfaces.

Examples of Image Processing Applications

  • Image Enhancement/Restoration: Improving image quality and removing noise.
  • The Hubble Telescope: Image processing techniques were crucial to correct images distorted by an imperfect mirror.
  • Medicine: Processing MRI scans to highlight tissue boundaries and analyze tissue density.
  • Telemedicine: Using technology to transmit medical data, enable remote consultations, and perform remote procedures such as telesurgery, as well as using tiny cameras for internal diagnoses like inspecting for swallowed pill-based cancers.
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Processing satellite imagery.
  • Law Enforcement: Using image processing to identify number plates, fingerprints, and enhance CCTV footage.
  • Human-Computer Interaction (HCI): Improving human-computer interfaces via face recognition and gesture recognition

The Visible Light

  • Visible Light (VL) is a narrow portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • VL wavelengths range from 400 to 700 nanometers (nm).
  • White light, when passed through a prism, separates into the colours of the rainbow. Colors blend rather than abruptly changing.

Colours of Visible Light

  • White light (from the sun) is analysed into colours of the rainbow when passed through a prism.
  • Colours don't end abruptly; they blend into one another.
  • Objects that reflect no light appear black, while objects reflecting all visible wavelengths (400-700nm) appear white.
  • Objects favouring reflectance in a limited wavelength range exhibit colour.

Additivity of Light Colour

  • Light reflected off an object, detected by sensors, is a combination of various wavelengths.
  • Red, green, and blue are primary colours.
  • Other colours are combinations of R, G, and B.
  • The RGB colour space is three-dimensional. It allows expressing any colour as a linear combination of R, G, and B values.

Colour Space and Transforms

  • Images can be presented in single or multiple colours.
  • Non-RGB colour models are useful in specific applications.
  • Mathematical formulae transform images between colour spaces.

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

  • A flowchart showing the key stages of digital image processing, including image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, morphological processing, colour image processing, compression, segmentation, object recognition, and representation/description.

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Image Processing Introduction PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of image processing, from its basic concepts to various applications. This quiz covers the definition of digital images, pixel representation, and the categorization of image processing techniques. Enhance your understanding of how images are processed in computer vision.

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