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Questions and Answers
Tampered ______ are widely used in criminal and civil cases.
Tampered ______ are widely used in criminal and civil cases.
documents
Forgery is not only confined to documents; it is also gaining popularity in ______.
Forgery is not only confined to documents; it is also gaining popularity in ______.
images
Forensic departments have to identify the ______ of suspicious documents.
Forensic departments have to identify the ______ of suspicious documents.
authenticity
Almost a decade ago, Iran was accused of doctoring an ______ from its missile tests.
Almost a decade ago, Iran was accused of doctoring an ______ from its missile tests.
Underwater images often suffer from ______, low contrast, and other clarity issues.
Underwater images often suffer from ______, low contrast, and other clarity issues.
Digital image processing techniques are growing at a very fast ______.
Digital image processing techniques are growing at a very fast ______.
Image enhancement techniques are utilized to restore visual ______.
Image enhancement techniques are utilized to restore visual ______.
The variables m and n take values from 0 to ______-1.
The variables m and n take values from 0 to ______-1.
Digital image processing can be divided into two main application areas: computer vision and ______ vision.
Digital image processing can be divided into two main application areas: computer vision and ______ vision.
The function F(u, v) equals 0 for |u| > u0 and |v| > ______.
The function F(u, v) equals 0 for |u| > u0 and |v| > ______.
The horizontal sampling frequency is represented as fs,______ = 1/Δx.
The horizontal sampling frequency is represented as fs,______ = 1/Δx.
The bandwidth of the image in the x- and y- ______ is represented as u0 and v0.
The bandwidth of the image in the x- and y- ______ is represented as u0 and v0.
Δx and Δy are ______ sampling intervals.
Δx and Δy are ______ sampling intervals.
Low-Level image processing includes operations such as contrast enhancement and ______.
Low-Level image processing includes operations such as contrast enhancement and ______.
Mid-Level image processing focuses on extracting attributes like edges, contours, and ______ from images.
Mid-Level image processing focuses on extracting attributes like edges, contours, and ______ from images.
High-Level image processing pertains to complex operations related to the analysis and ______ of a scene.
High-Level image processing pertains to complex operations related to the analysis and ______ of a scene.
Binarization converts a color image or grayscale image into a ______ image for easier processing.
Binarization converts a color image or grayscale image into a ______ image for easier processing.
Smoothing is a technique used to ______ or smoothen the details of objects in an image.
Smoothing is a technique used to ______ or smoothen the details of objects in an image.
Sharpening techniques enhance the edges and fine details of objects in an image for ______ viewing.
Sharpening techniques enhance the edges and fine details of objects in an image for ______ viewing.
Image restoration aims to take a degraded image and restore it to its ______ appearance.
Image restoration aims to take a degraded image and restore it to its ______ appearance.
Image segmentation is the process of dividing an image into various ______.
Image segmentation is the process of dividing an image into various ______.
The function 𝐹(𝑢, 𝑣) is bandlimited since it is equal to 0 for 𝑢 > ______ and 𝑣 > ______.
The function 𝐹(𝑢, 𝑣) is bandlimited since it is equal to 0 for 𝑢 > ______ and 𝑣 > ______.
The Nyquist rate is calculated as 𝑢𝑠 = 2𝑢0 = ______ and 𝑣𝑠 = 2𝑣0 = ______.
The Nyquist rate is calculated as 𝑢𝑠 = 2𝑢0 = ______ and 𝑣𝑠 = 2𝑣0 = ______.
The values for 𝑢𝑠 and 𝑣𝑠 concerning 𝑢 and 𝑣 are both equal to ______.
The values for 𝑢𝑠 and 𝑣𝑠 concerning 𝑢 and 𝑣 are both equal to ______.
The bandlimited function 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑣) is defined differently based on the conditions where 𝑢 ≤ ______ and 𝑣 ≤ ______.
The bandlimited function 𝐻(𝑢, 𝑣) is defined differently based on the conditions where 𝑢 ≤ ______ and 𝑣 ≤ ______.
According to the provided information, aliasing is ______.
According to the provided information, aliasing is ______.
In the RGB color model, the primary colors are represented as: Red = (1,0,0), Green = (0,1,0), and Blue = (0,0,______).
In the RGB color model, the primary colors are represented as: Red = (1,0,0), Green = (0,1,0), and Blue = (0,0,______).
The RGB model is an ______ color model.
The RGB model is an ______ color model.
In the RGB model, black is represented as the origin, which is (0,0,______).
In the RGB model, black is represented as the origin, which is (0,0,______).
The secondary colors of RGB are represented as Cyan = (0,1,1), Magenta = (1,0,______), and Yellow = (1,1,0).
The secondary colors of RGB are represented as Cyan = (0,1,1), Magenta = (1,0,______), and Yellow = (1,1,0).
The CMY color space includes Cyan, ______, and Yellow.
The CMY color space includes Cyan, ______, and Yellow.
Grayscale values range from black to white, represented as (______, x, x) from black = (0,0,0) to white = (1,1,1).
Grayscale values range from black to white, represented as (______, x, x) from black = (0,0,0) to white = (1,1,1).
The ______ model corresponds closely with the way humans describe and interpret color.
The ______ model corresponds closely with the way humans describe and interpret color.
In the CMY color model, the red color is written in RGB as (______,0,0).
In the CMY color model, the red color is written in RGB as (______,0,0).
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Study Notes
Image Processing Fundamentals
- Function Representation: Function ( F(u, v) = 2\pi(\delta(u - 3, v - 4) + \delta(u + 3, v + 4)) ) represents a bandlimited signal, vanishing when ( u > 3 ) and ( v > 4 ).
- Nyquist Rate: The Nyquist rate for this system is calculated as ( u_s = 6 ) and ( v_s = 8 ) based on ( u_0 = 3 ) and ( v_0 = 4 ).
- Sampling Intervals: Sampling intervals are ( \Delta x = \Delta y = 0.4\pi ), leading to sampling frequencies ( f_{s,x} = f_{s,y} = 5 ).
- Aliasing: Aliasing is a significant concern in imaging, especially when the sampling frequency is lower than the Nyquist rate.
Document Forensics
- Tampered Documents: Frequently encountered in legal cases such as contested wills and fraudulent financial documents; passport and license forgeries are notably problematic.
- Forensic Identification Challenges: Verification of document authenticity is increasingly difficult due to sophisticated editing tools.
- Historical Case: Iran was accused of altering missile test images, which initially misrepresented military capabilities.
Underwater Image Processing
- Image Clarity Issues: Underwater images often suffer from noise, low contrast, and blurring.
- Enhancement Techniques: Various digital image processing methods are employed to restore clarity and enhance visual quality.
Digital Image Processing
- Definition: The acquisition and manipulation of visual information using computer techniques.
- Applications: Encompasses computer vision (output for computer analysis) and human vision (output for human viewing).
- Processing Techniques: Focuses on both enhanced image production and useful information extraction.
Levels of Image Processing
- Low-Level Operations: Basic manipulations such as contrast enhancement and noise reduction; involves both input and output images.
- Mid-Level Operations: Attribute extraction, including edges and contours, from images.
- High-Level Operations: Complex analyses regarding scene interpretation aimed at decision-making.
Image Processing Techniques
- Representative Operations:
- Binarization: Converts images into binary format to simplify processing.
- Smoothing: Blurs image details to reduce noise.
- Sharpening: Enhances edges and fine details for better visual representation.
- Noise Removal: Filters used to diminish noise levels before potential processing.
- Edge Extraction: Identifies object boundaries within images.
- Image Restoration: Restores degraded images to their original states.
- Image Enhancement: Improves visual appeal of images.
- Image Compression: Reduces data size for efficient storage of images.
- Image Segmentation: Divides images to identify high-level objects.
Color Models
- RGB Color Model: Primary colors Red (1,0,0), Green (0,1,0), Blue (0,0,1); additive model for color reproduction.
- CMY Color Model: Secondary colors derived from RGB; used extensively in color printing.
- Color Representation: RGB and CMY can be represented in color cube format, where (0,0,0) is black and (1,1,1) is white.
Bandwidth and Sampling
- Bounds on Frequencies: ( F(u,v) = 0 ) for ( |u| > u_0 ) and ( |v| > v_0 ) indicates frequency limitation.
- Sampling Frequencies: Calculated by ( f_{s,x} = 1/\Delta x ) and ( f_{s,y} = 1/\Delta y ) based on respective sampling intervals.
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