DELTA Module One 2008 (Task Five B, C and D) Practice

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Questions and Answers

b Look at the following extract from the text (lines 4-5). Comment on the form and meaning/use of the word "this" as used in the text.

This means that anyone who does not have a valid ticket for their journey will be liable to pay the penalty fare.

Form (singular) demonstrative pronoun Meaning / Use • replaces 'London Midland operates a penalty fare system on its services' • refers to a longer segment of text / clause, (not just a noun phrase) • anaphoric reference (so creates cohesion with previous sentence / avoids repetition).

b Look at the following extract from the text (lines 4-5). Comment on the form and meaning/use of "who" as used in the text.

This means that anyone who does not have a valid ticket for their journey will be liable to pay the penalty

Form • relative pronoun • introduces a defining relative clause • there is no comma before it • cannot be omitted • can be replaced with that. Meaning / Use • defines a person (not things) / which group of people are affected • refers to the (indefinite pronoun) anyone • anaphoric reference • subject of the relative clause / subject and relative pronoun.

b Look at the following extract from the text (lines 4-5). Comment on the form and meaning/use of "their" as it is used in the text.

This means that anyone who does not have a valid ticket for their journey will be liable to pay the penalty

Form • third person plural possessive adjective / determiner • plural possessive used as referent for singular pronoun 'anyone'. Meaning / Use • defines whose journey / who is making the journey abstract / metaphorical type of possession - journey does not belong to an individual gender neutral anaphoric reference refers to 'anyone' / 'anyone who does not have a valid ticket' / substitution avoids repetition of previous anyone

Comment on the form and meaning/use of the passive in each extract as it is used in the text.

These are only switched on when the Ticket Office is closed. (lines 34-35)

<p>Form present simple (passive) (formed by making the direct object / the recipient of the action the grammatical subject of the clause) no stated agent / is agentless • auxiliary 'be' / 'are' (i.e. 'are' to agree with 'these&quot;) + (regular) past participle. Meaning / Use present simple refers to a routine / fact / general truth • passive contributes to the impersonal / formal / factual style passive omits the agent of the action so focus is shifted from the agent (who is not important) to the action and processes / (omitted) agent is obvious from the context i.e. someone from the company, who is not known or relevant • the actions / processes themselves are important in this text / genre • passive allows things affected by the action (i.e. permit travel machines) to become the starting point of the message / the topic or theme of the sentence • the passive allows the importance / weight to fall after the subject (end weighting) i.e. on to the main part of the message with the important / new information / comment / rheme i.e. switched on • passive used here to pick up on the last information in the previous sentence and put it at the front f the sentence to keep the reader's attention on it. This helps make the text cohesive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comment on the form and meaning/use of the passive in each extract as it is used in the text.

Season tickets offer discounts on day tickets and can be bought in advance... (lines 45-46)

<p>Form • part of the present simple / modal passive / modal + passive infinitive (formed by making the direct object / the recipient of the action the grammatical subject of the clause) • the grammatical subject of the clause is 'season tickets' (ellipsis) • auxiliary 'be' + past participle • 'be' is a bare infinitive because it follows (modal auxiliary) 'can' • 'buy' is irregular - the past participle is 'bought' Meaning / Use • the passive contributes to the impersonal / formal / factual style / is typical of instructions • the passive structure allows the subject / season tickets to be omitted • the passive omits the agent of the action so the focus is shifted from the 'doer' to the action and processes in the text / the (omitted) agent is obvious from the context i.e. you, the customer • The actions / processes themselves are important in this text / genre • the passive allows the things affected by the action (i.e. season tickets) to become the starting point of the message • the passive allows the importance / weight to fall after the subject (end weighting) i.e. on to the main part of the message with the important / new information / comment / rheme i.e. bought • passive used here to pick up on the last information in the previous sentence and put it at the front of the sentence to keep the reader's attention on it. This helps make the text cohesive • meaning is opportunity / possibility because part of a modal passive with 'can'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a total of three problems that learners might have with the form of the passive.

<p>difficult to manipulate accurately because a complex structure made up of several elements using the passive after modals / making the question form / subject / verb agreement etc. • the passive can only be used with transitive verbs as it needs an object to become the grammatical subject • learners may omit 'be' in the passive form • learners need to know irregular past participle forms (e.g. bought) • the tense is marked in the auxiliary 'be', not other parts of the verb phrase • confusing for learners as the auxiliary 'be' also used to make progressive forms (e.g. learners may y to use -ing form rather than past participle) • confusing that the past participle is also used to make active perfect forms (e.g. present perfect and learners may try to use auxiliary 'have with past participle)learners need to remember to make the recipient the subject of a passive structure (in the active voice the recipient is the object) learners may always want to add the agent in a passive structure / overuse &quot;by'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a total of three problems that learners might have with the meaning/use of the passive.

<p>• understanding who or what the agent of the verb is • understanding that the subject is the recipient of the action, not the agent / understanding who or what the subject is • understanding the time frame due to the complex verb phrase (e.g. confusing it with present perfect, which also uses past participle, or present continuous, which also uses auxiliary 'be&quot;) • the passive is not just an alternative to the active but has a use of its own e.g. in formal writing, in genre such as the information leaflet, in reports etc. learners may overuse it where an impersonal style is not appropriate overuse in informal situations where 'get' pseudo passive would be more appropriate • overuse where it is not necessary because the agent is also topic of the sentence • under-use of passive can adversely affect thematic organization of a text • not sure of how / when to use the passive for theme / rheme management / grammatically highlight important information • not sure of how / when to use passive for fore-fronting information and as a cohesive devise distinguishing receptively between the meanings of active and passive / distinguishing meaning of active and passive in use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Look at the following extracts from the text. Comment on the form, meaning/use and pronunciation of (You should always buy).

You should always buy your ticket from the Ticket Office before you travel. (lines 17-18)

<p>Form (Subject) pronoun + modal (auxiliary / verb) + adverb (of frequency) + bare infinitive / base form / infinitive without to • adverb of frequency between auxiliary and bare infinitive. Meaning / Use • 'should' is normally used to express advice or (mild) obligation • 'always' meaning in all circumstances' • 'should' is emphasised by 'always' to make it strong obligation in this context • 'should' is used in this context to make the strong obligation more polite / other modals used to express obligation would be inappropriate in this genre (e.g. must) • 'you' is used to address the reader directly making the sentence immediately relevant • 'you' may be used to refer to people in general but including the reader.Pronunciation • stress on 'always' • stressed because emphasises / modifies 'should' • 'should' - weak form /jud/ /fad / • silent T' in 'should' / silent T' in 'always' /elision of A/ in 'always' • catenation / sound linkage / liaison/judb:wez/ should _always • weak form of 'you' /ja/ or /ju/.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Look at the following extracts from the text. Comment on the form, meaning/use and pronunciation of (You can pay).

You can pay for your ticket with a debit/credit card or cash. (lines 29-30)

<p>Form • (Subject) pronoun + modal (auxiliary) + bare infinitive / base form / infinitive without to Meaning / Use 'can' is used to express ability/permission/possibility/opportunity/providing options/suggestions • 'you' is used to address the reader directly making the sentence immediately relevant • 'you' may be used to refer to people in general but including the reader among them. Pronunciation • main verb ('pay&quot;) is stressed • weak forms/k(a)n/ /ja/ or /ju/ • assimilation /kampei//</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Capital of France (example flashcard)

Paris

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