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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of negative reinforcement?

  • To extinguish undesirable behaviors completely
  • To decrease the likelihood of a behavior through punishment
  • To promote positive outcomes in behavior through rewards
  • To increase the likelihood of a behavior by removing unpleasant consequences (correct)

    • Which term describes the process of eliminating a behavior by removing reinforcement?

  • Punishment
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Extinction (correct)
  • Negative reinforcement

    • What does task identity refer to in job design?

  • The extent to which a job has a complete and identifiable outcome (correct)
  • The variety of skills required to complete a job
  • The degree to which a job impacts the lives of others
  • The ability to work alone without supervision

    • What are the three stages of response to a stressor as identified by the General Adaptation Syndrome?

    <p>Alarm, resistance, exhaustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motivation, what does task significance imply?

    <p>The degree to which a job impacts others' lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does punishment play in behavior management?

    <p>It aims to reduce the likelihood of a behavior by applying negative outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stress is described as pleasurable and often accompanies positive events?

    <p>Eustress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to need-based theories, what is the primary cause of behavior?

    <p>Need deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'A' in the performance equation P=M+A+E stand for?

    <p>Ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily suggested by the human relations approach to motivation?

    <p>Involvement leads to higher productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of demand can cause organizational stress related to job roles?

    <p>Role demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of task-specific self-efficacy?

    <p>Beliefs in capability for specific tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is NOT one of the basic categories?

    <p>Financial needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of stress derives from interpersonal relationships and conflicts among coworkers?

    <p>Interpersonal demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'P' represent in the performance formula P=M+A+E?

    <p>Performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the balanced scorecard?

    <p>To provide a means of enhancing employee motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compensation directly ties pay raises to individual performance?

    <p>Merit pay plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered important for goal-directed effort according to goal-setting theory?

    <p>Financial performance measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does goal commitment differ from goal acceptance?

    <p>Goal commitment refers to individual ownership of a goal, while acceptance is a measure of belief in its validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of indirect compensation?

    <p>Employee bonuses based on performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does profit-sharing in an organization typically involve?

    <p>Allocating profits to employees at a predefined rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a bonus system?

    <p>It is a lump-sum payment based on performance results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes goal acceptance?

    <p>The feeling of personal connection to the goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential advantage of using the balanced scorecard in organizations?

    <p>It integrates both financial and nonfinancial measures into a cohesive strategy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'person-job fit' refer to?

    <p>The match between an individual's skills and job demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT align with the goals of realistic job previews?

    <p>Promote poor person-group fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to happen when there is strong person-job fit?

    <p>Job performance generally improves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines employee engagement?

    <p>A strong emotional and intellectual connection to the work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which big five personality trait influences job performance the most?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scenario, what type of locus of control does Alex display regarding his exam result?

    <p>Internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to deter applicants according to realistic job previews?

    <p>Negative reviews of the work environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does person-job fit tend to be strong?

    <p>When an individual's skills align with job requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of managers establishing goals and measures?

    <p>To assess various performance metrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered 'off-the-job' time not worked?

    <p>Vacation days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'surface value' refer to in the context of rewards?

    <p>The objective meaning or worth of a reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a benefit provided through Social Security contributions?

    <p>Disability payments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a payment provided for time not worked?

    <p>Sick leave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does unemployment compensation provide to eligible individuals?

    <p>A percentage of their former wages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the contribution to Social Security funding structured?

    <p>Both employers and employees contribute equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the subjective and personal meaning of a reward?

    <p>Symbolic value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Negative Reinforcement

    • Aims to increase a desired behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
    • Extinction: A behavior is eliminated by removing reinforcers that previously maintained it.

    Job Design and Motivation

    • Task Identity: The extent to which a job involves completing a whole and identifiable piece of work.
    • Task Significance: The impact of a job on the lives of others.
    • Motivation is influenced by factors like the perception of meaning and impact of the work performed.

    Stress and Adaptation

    • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) describes the stages of stress response:
      • Alarm stage: Initial response, preparing for fight or flight
      • Resistance stage: Body adapts and copes with the stressor
      • Exhaustion stage: Long-term stress leads to depleted resources and potential illness.
    • Eustress: Stress associated with positive events, perceived as pleasurable.

    Needs-Based Theories of Motivation

    • Advocate that unmet needs drive individuals to act in ways that satisfy those needs.

    Performance Equation

    • A in the performance equation (P=M+A+E) represents Ability, or the individual's skill and competence.

    Human Relations Approach

    • Suggests that social factors and positive relationships contribute to motivation and job satisfaction.

    Organizational Stress

    • Role ambiguity: Lack of clarity about job responsibilities, leading to stress.

    Self-Efficacy

    • Refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task.

    Maslow's Hierarchy

    • Basic needs do not include cognitive needs, these are higher-level needs after basic survival needs.

    Interpersonal Stress

    • Interpersonal conflict: Disagreements and tension between coworkers, contributing to workplace stress.

    Performance Formula

    • P in the performance formula (P=M+A+E) represents Performance itself, the outcome of the work.
    • M represents Motivation
    • E represents Environment

    Balanced Scorecard

    • Provides a comprehensive view of organizational performance, considering financial, customer, internal process, and learning and growth perspectives.

    Goal-Setting Theory

    • Extrinsic rewards are not considered important for goal-directed effort.

    Compensation Systems

    • Merit pay: Compensation directly linked to individual performance, rewarding high achievers.

    Goal Commitment vs. Acceptance

    • Acceptance means employees are willing to follow a goal set by someone else, but they may not be fully committed to it.
    • Commitment involves both acceptance and a strong personal desire to achieve the goal.

    Compensation

    • Indirect compensation does not include merit pay, as it's a form of direct compensation based on performance.

    Profit-Sharing

    • Organizationally distributes a portion of profits among employees.

    Bonus Systems

    • Provide additional rewards for achieving specific performance targets.

    Goal Acceptance

    • Goal acceptance is the willingness of individuals to embrace and work towards goals set by others or the organization.

    Balanced Scorecard Benefits

    • Provides a comprehensive and balanced view of organizational performance, enhancing strategic alignment and decision-making.

    Person-Job Fit

    • The compatibility between an individual's characteristics and the requirements of their work environment.

    Realistic Job Previews (RJPs)

    • Do not aim to increase applicant turnover.

    Person-Job Fit Outcome

    • Strong person-job fit leads to improved job satisfaction, commitment, and performance.

    Employee Engagement

    • Represents the level of enthusiasm, involvement, and commitment employees have towards their work and organization.

    Big Five Personality Trait

    • Conscientiousness is the strongest predictor of job performance among the Big Five personality traits.

    Locus Of Control

    • Internal locus of control: Alex believes he has control over his exam outcome, attributing it to his own efforts.

    Realistic Job Previews (RJPs)

    • Potential deterrents for applicants include unrealistic expectations of the job.

    Strong Person-Job Fit

    • Occurs when an individual's skills, values, and interests align well with the demands and rewards of a specific job.

    Goal & Measure Establishment

    • Managers establish goals and measures to guide performance and monitor progress.

    Off-the-Job Time

    • Vacation days are considered "off-the-job" time not worked.

    Surface Value of Rewards

    • Represents the immediate and tangible benefits of a reward, such as financial gain or recognition.

    Social Security Benefits

    • Retirement benefits are provided through Social Security contributions.

    Time-Not-Worked Payments

    • Sick leave pay is an example of payment received for time not worked.

    Unemployment Compensation

    • Provides financial assistance to qualified individuals who are temporarily out of work.

    Social Security Funding

    • Contributions to Social Security are structured through a payroll tax.

    Reward Meaning

    • Intrinsic value refers to the subjective and personal meaning a reward holds for an individual.

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