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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of negative reinforcement?
What is the primary goal of negative reinforcement?
Which term describes the process of eliminating a behavior by removing reinforcement?
Which term describes the process of eliminating a behavior by removing reinforcement?
What does task identity refer to in job design?
What does task identity refer to in job design?
What are the three stages of response to a stressor as identified by the General Adaptation Syndrome?
What are the three stages of response to a stressor as identified by the General Adaptation Syndrome?
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In the context of motivation, what does task significance imply?
In the context of motivation, what does task significance imply?
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What role does punishment play in behavior management?
What role does punishment play in behavior management?
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Which type of stress is described as pleasurable and often accompanies positive events?
Which type of stress is described as pleasurable and often accompanies positive events?
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According to need-based theories, what is the primary cause of behavior?
According to need-based theories, what is the primary cause of behavior?
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What does the 'A' in the performance equation P=M+A+E stand for?
What does the 'A' in the performance equation P=M+A+E stand for?
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What is primarily suggested by the human relations approach to motivation?
What is primarily suggested by the human relations approach to motivation?
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Which type of demand can cause organizational stress related to job roles?
Which type of demand can cause organizational stress related to job roles?
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What is the focus of task-specific self-efficacy?
What is the focus of task-specific self-efficacy?
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In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is NOT one of the basic categories?
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is NOT one of the basic categories?
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Which source of stress derives from interpersonal relationships and conflicts among coworkers?
Which source of stress derives from interpersonal relationships and conflicts among coworkers?
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What does 'P' represent in the performance formula P=M+A+E?
What does 'P' represent in the performance formula P=M+A+E?
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What is the primary purpose of the balanced scorecard?
What is the primary purpose of the balanced scorecard?
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Which type of compensation directly ties pay raises to individual performance?
Which type of compensation directly ties pay raises to individual performance?
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Which factor is NOT considered important for goal-directed effort according to goal-setting theory?
Which factor is NOT considered important for goal-directed effort according to goal-setting theory?
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How does goal commitment differ from goal acceptance?
How does goal commitment differ from goal acceptance?
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Which of the following is NOT a form of indirect compensation?
Which of the following is NOT a form of indirect compensation?
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What does profit-sharing in an organization typically involve?
What does profit-sharing in an organization typically involve?
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What is the main characteristic of a bonus system?
What is the main characteristic of a bonus system?
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Which of the following best describes goal acceptance?
Which of the following best describes goal acceptance?
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What is one potential advantage of using the balanced scorecard in organizations?
What is one potential advantage of using the balanced scorecard in organizations?
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What does the term 'person-job fit' refer to?
What does the term 'person-job fit' refer to?
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Which of the following does NOT align with the goals of realistic job previews?
Which of the following does NOT align with the goals of realistic job previews?
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What is likely to happen when there is strong person-job fit?
What is likely to happen when there is strong person-job fit?
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What defines employee engagement?
What defines employee engagement?
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Which big five personality trait influences job performance the most?
Which big five personality trait influences job performance the most?
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In the scenario, what type of locus of control does Alex display regarding his exam result?
In the scenario, what type of locus of control does Alex display regarding his exam result?
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What is likely to deter applicants according to realistic job previews?
What is likely to deter applicants according to realistic job previews?
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When does person-job fit tend to be strong?
When does person-job fit tend to be strong?
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What is the primary purpose of managers establishing goals and measures?
What is the primary purpose of managers establishing goals and measures?
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Which of the following is considered 'off-the-job' time not worked?
Which of the following is considered 'off-the-job' time not worked?
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What does the term 'surface value' refer to in the context of rewards?
What does the term 'surface value' refer to in the context of rewards?
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Which of these is a benefit provided through Social Security contributions?
Which of these is a benefit provided through Social Security contributions?
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What is an example of a payment provided for time not worked?
What is an example of a payment provided for time not worked?
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What does unemployment compensation provide to eligible individuals?
What does unemployment compensation provide to eligible individuals?
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How is the contribution to Social Security funding structured?
How is the contribution to Social Security funding structured?
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Which term describes the subjective and personal meaning of a reward?
Which term describes the subjective and personal meaning of a reward?
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Study Notes
Negative Reinforcement
- Aims to increase a desired behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
- Extinction: A behavior is eliminated by removing reinforcers that previously maintained it.
Job Design and Motivation
- Task Identity: The extent to which a job involves completing a whole and identifiable piece of work.
- Task Significance: The impact of a job on the lives of others.
- Motivation is influenced by factors like the perception of meaning and impact of the work performed.
Stress and Adaptation
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) describes the stages of stress response:
- Alarm stage: Initial response, preparing for fight or flight
- Resistance stage: Body adapts and copes with the stressor
- Exhaustion stage: Long-term stress leads to depleted resources and potential illness.
- Eustress: Stress associated with positive events, perceived as pleasurable.
Needs-Based Theories of Motivation
- Advocate that unmet needs drive individuals to act in ways that satisfy those needs.
Performance Equation
- A in the performance equation (P=M+A+E) represents Ability, or the individual's skill and competence.
Human Relations Approach
- Suggests that social factors and positive relationships contribute to motivation and job satisfaction.
Organizational Stress
- Role ambiguity: Lack of clarity about job responsibilities, leading to stress.
Self-Efficacy
- Refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task.
Maslow's Hierarchy
- Basic needs do not include cognitive needs, these are higher-level needs after basic survival needs.
Interpersonal Stress
- Interpersonal conflict: Disagreements and tension between coworkers, contributing to workplace stress.
Performance Formula
- P in the performance formula (P=M+A+E) represents Performance itself, the outcome of the work.
- M represents Motivation
- E represents Environment
Balanced Scorecard
- Provides a comprehensive view of organizational performance, considering financial, customer, internal process, and learning and growth perspectives.
Goal-Setting Theory
- Extrinsic rewards are not considered important for goal-directed effort.
Compensation Systems
- Merit pay: Compensation directly linked to individual performance, rewarding high achievers.
Goal Commitment vs. Acceptance
- Acceptance means employees are willing to follow a goal set by someone else, but they may not be fully committed to it.
- Commitment involves both acceptance and a strong personal desire to achieve the goal.
Compensation
- Indirect compensation does not include merit pay, as it's a form of direct compensation based on performance.
Profit-Sharing
- Organizationally distributes a portion of profits among employees.
Bonus Systems
- Provide additional rewards for achieving specific performance targets.
Goal Acceptance
- Goal acceptance is the willingness of individuals to embrace and work towards goals set by others or the organization.
Balanced Scorecard Benefits
- Provides a comprehensive and balanced view of organizational performance, enhancing strategic alignment and decision-making.
Person-Job Fit
- The compatibility between an individual's characteristics and the requirements of their work environment.
Realistic Job Previews (RJPs)
- Do not aim to increase applicant turnover.
Person-Job Fit Outcome
- Strong person-job fit leads to improved job satisfaction, commitment, and performance.
Employee Engagement
- Represents the level of enthusiasm, involvement, and commitment employees have towards their work and organization.
Big Five Personality Trait
- Conscientiousness is the strongest predictor of job performance among the Big Five personality traits.
Locus Of Control
- Internal locus of control: Alex believes he has control over his exam outcome, attributing it to his own efforts.
Realistic Job Previews (RJPs)
- Potential deterrents for applicants include unrealistic expectations of the job.
Strong Person-Job Fit
- Occurs when an individual's skills, values, and interests align well with the demands and rewards of a specific job.
Goal & Measure Establishment
- Managers establish goals and measures to guide performance and monitor progress.
Off-the-Job Time
- Vacation days are considered "off-the-job" time not worked.
Surface Value of Rewards
- Represents the immediate and tangible benefits of a reward, such as financial gain or recognition.
Social Security Benefits
- Retirement benefits are provided through Social Security contributions.
Time-Not-Worked Payments
- Sick leave pay is an example of payment received for time not worked.
Unemployment Compensation
- Provides financial assistance to qualified individuals who are temporarily out of work.
Social Security Funding
- Contributions to Social Security are structured through a payroll tax.
Reward Meaning
- Intrinsic value refers to the subjective and personal meaning a reward holds for an individual.
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