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What is the goal of drug therapy for asthma and COPD?
What is the goal of drug therapy for asthma and COPD?
The goal of drug therapy for asthma and COPD is to reduce respiratory symptoms, improve airflow, prevent asthma attacks, and slow COPD progression.
What are the two types of drugs used to treat asthma and COPD?
What are the two types of drugs used to treat asthma and COPD?
Which type of inhalation device dispenses medication through aerosol spray or mist?
Which type of inhalation device dispenses medication through aerosol spray or mist?
What are the two types of drugs commonly used to treat respiratory disorders?
What are the two types of drugs commonly used to treat respiratory disorders?
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Which of the following are bronchodilators? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are bronchodilators? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following are anti-inflammatory drugs? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are anti-inflammatory drugs? (Select all that apply)
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What is the most common mucolytic drug for COPD?
What is the most common mucolytic drug for COPD?
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Acetylcysteine has a pleasant odor.
Acetylcysteine has a pleasant odor.
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What are the two main categories of antibacterial drugs?
What are the two main categories of antibacterial drugs?
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Which of the following is NOT a nursing implication related to aminoglycosides?
Which of the following is NOT a nursing implication related to aminoglycosides?
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Which of the following drugs should be taken with at least 2400 mL of fluid per day?
Which of the following drugs should be taken with at least 2400 mL of fluid per day?
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The absorption of oral erythromycin is increased when taken on a full stomach.
The absorption of oral erythromycin is increased when taken on a full stomach.
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What are the two main nursing implications associated with Fluoroquinolones?
What are the two main nursing implications associated with Fluoroquinolones?
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Which of the following drugs are used for prophylaxis of chronic asthma? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following drugs are used for prophylaxis of chronic asthma? (Select all that apply)
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What is the name of the drug commonly used to treat respiratory infections caused by Klebsiella pneumonia?
What is the name of the drug commonly used to treat respiratory infections caused by Klebsiella pneumonia?
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What is the name of the drug that is used to treat respiratory infections caused by Pseudomonas?
What is the name of the drug that is used to treat respiratory infections caused by Pseudomonas?
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What are the four main categories of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions?
What are the four main categories of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions?
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Study Notes
Clinical Pharmacology - BSN210
- Course: BSN210 Clinical Pharmacology
- Academic Year: 2024-2025
- Semester: 1
- Week: 11
- Topic: Drugs for Respiratory Conditions & Antibacterial
Session Learning Outcomes
- Students should list common names, actions, side effects, and adverse effects of bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and mucolytic drugs for respiratory problems.
- Students should describe actions before and after administering these drugs.
- Students should explain what to teach patients taking these drugs, including dos, don'ts, and when to contact the prescriber.
Introduction
- Respiratory system conditions include airflow obstruction (e.g., asthma, COPD), allergic disorders, inflammatory disorders, and respiratory tract infections.
Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System
- Goal of drug therapy for asthma and COPD: reduce symptoms, improve airflow, prevent attacks, and slow progression.
- Types of drugs include controllers (prevent an attack) and rescue drugs (reduce attack severity).
- Many COPD drugs are the same as asthma drugs, although dosage, route, and timing may vary.
Types of Inhalation Devices
- Metered-dose inhalers (MDIs): handheld devices that disperse medication as aerosol spray or mist to penetrate lung airways. They require hand-mouth coordination.
- Spacers: used with MDIs to increase drug delivery to lungs and reduce deposition in the oropharyngeal mucosa.
- Dry-powder inhalers (DPIs): contain dry, micronized powder activated by breathing; easier to use than MDIs.
- Nebulizers: convert liquid drug solutions into fine mist administered through face mask or mouthpiece.
Common Problems: Inhalers
- Incorrect administration (improper dose, timing).
- Failure to shake MDI before use.
- Incorrect timing between puffs.
- Failure to clean inhaler valve.
- Inhaler not dispensing spray properly.
Categories of Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System
- Bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory, mucolytics, corticosteroids, and Leukotriene receptor antagonists.
Bronchodilators
- Drugs used to relieve bronchospasms associated with respiratory diseases.
- Two main types: Beta2 adrenergic agonists, and Cholinergic antagonists (anticholinergics).
Beta2-adrenergic Agonists
- Bind to Beta2 receptors, increase cAMP production, causing smooth muscle relaxation, relieving bronchospasm.
- Short-acting (SABAs): rapid and short-term relief (rescue).
- Long-acting (LABAs): long-term control (maintenance).
Cholinergic Antagonists (anticholinergics)
- Blocks parasympathetic nervous system, allowing natural epinephrine/norephinephrine to bind to smooth muscle receptors, producing bronchodilation, reducing airway secretions.
- Prevention drugs, are taken daily to prevent asthma and reduce blockage in COPD.
Side effects of Bronchodilators
- Local effects (dry mouth, bad taste).
- Systemic effects (rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, nervousness, difficulty sleeping).
- Allergic reactions (rashes, chest pain, lightheadedness).
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- Reduce inflammation but do not cause bronchodilation.
- Include:
- Inhaled corticosteroids: decrease body chemicals causing inflammation, increase the number and responsiveness of bronchial beta2 receptors.
- Mast cell stabilizers: prevent release of bronchoconstrictive and inflammatory substances.
- Leukotriene inhibitors :suppress effects of leukotrienes, prevent bronchoconstriction, eosinophil infiltration, mucus production, and airway edema.
Corticosteroids
- Examples: Beclomethasone, Budesonide, and Fluticasone.
Nursing Actions & Precautions for inhaled anti-inflammatory drugs
- Rinse mouth to reduce thrush risk.
- Take bronchodilators several minutes before corticosteroids to enhance their application into the bronchial tract.
Mast Cell Stabilizers
- Examples: cromolyn sodium, nedocromil sodium
- For long-term prophylaxis; full effect may take several weeks
Leukotriene Inhibitors
- Examples: zileuton, montelukast, and zafirlukast
Mucolytics
- Reduce the thickness of mucus, allowing it to move more easily out of airways.
- Example: Guaifenesin, Acetylcysteine.
Anti-Infectives (Antibacterial Drugs)
-
Classes:
- Bactericidal: drugs that kill bacteria directly
- Bacteriostatic: drugs that prevent bacteria from reproducing
- Narrow spectrum: affects a limited number of bacteria
- Extended spectrum: affects more bacteria
- Broad spectrum: affects a wide range of bacteria
-
Methods of determining the appropriate antibacterial drugs include Culturing (taking sample of the infected area and growing it in a sterile form), and Sensitivity (using a sample to determine if a certain drug is effective)
What to do before/after giving antibacterials
- Monitor BUN and Creatinine (aminoglycosides can be toxic)
- Check for other interactions (e.g., warfarin with macrolides)
- Instruct the patient about not taking drugs with certain foods/supplements (tetracycline with calcium/iron).
What to do after giving antibacterials
- Monitor for allergic reactions.
- Assess number of bowel movements, and character.
- Monitor for resolving infections.
- Check IV site for phlebitis.
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