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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the blood testis barrier?

  • To prevent activation of the immune system of the male against the developing sperm (correct)
  • To filter out male sex hormones
  • To provide only select nutrients to the developing sperm
  • To ensure that semen contains only sperm and seminal fluid

    • The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________.

    peristaltic contractions

    What is the function of meiosis?

  • To produce cells with half the chromosome number of the original spermatogonium or oogonium (correct)
  • To produce genetically identical cells through the two nuclear divisions
  • To produce cells with double the chromosome number of the original cell
  • To produce four cells, each with identical chromosomes

    • What hormone, produced in the anterior pituitary gland, works in conjunction with gonadal steroids to promote bone development in males?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The constancy of the chromosome number for an organism from one generation to the next is maintained through ________.

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    -metrium refers to

    <p>layer of uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meso- refers to

    <p>middle or intermediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acro- refers to

    <p>end, tip, or height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Labio- refers to

    <p>lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm- refers to

    <p>seed or sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endometrium refers to

    <p>nutritive layer of the uterus prepared for the possibility of a fertilized egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells that give rise to sperm are called

    <p>spermatogonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The middle embryonic germ layer that forms everything except the epidermis of the skin, nervous system, and epithelial linings and glands is the

    <p>mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acrosome?

    <p>Structure at the tip of a sperm that contains enzymes to gain access to an egg during fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Labia minora refer to

    <p>the lips that enclose the vestibule of the female external genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells remains at the basal lamina to continue the pool of dividing germ cells?

    <p>Type A daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with trichomoniasis, if they have any symptoms at all, will most likely exhibit which of the following?

    <p>Yellow-green vaginal discharge and strong odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female?

    <p>The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion of the sperm contains the enzymes needed to penetrate the oocyte?

    <p>Acrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT ________.

    <p>FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?

    <p>GnRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the male testes located in the scrotum, outside the abdominopelvic cavity?

    <p>Spermatogenesis is temperature sensitive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male hormone provides negative feedback for the secretion of FSH?

    <p>Inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following female sex hormones is most responsible for estrogenic effects?

    <p>Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following might be reported by a man with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genital warts are caused by

    <p>human papillomavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syphilis is caused by

    <p>treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gonorrhea causes

    <p>urethritis in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genital herpes is caused by

    <p>human herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlamydia is responsible for

    <p>25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oocytes complete meiosis II before they are fertilized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is FALSE?

    <p>Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation?

    <p>The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of veins in the pampiniform plexus which may hinder blood flow through the pampiniform venous plexus into the testicular vein. The reduced venous drainage and the resulting elevated testicular temperature may be caused by ______.

    <p>Defective venous valves in the testis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is shed during each menstruation and is then regenerated by the __________.

    <p>Stratum functionalis; stratum basalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation.

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you see that results from the division of the first polar body?

    <p>Two polar bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of testosterone? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Testosterone is produced by interstitial endocrine cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what phase of the female's uterine cycle is the uterine lining shed?

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following shows the correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes?

    <p>Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is/are contained within the spermatic cord? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Testicular arteries and veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion of the penis is removed during circumcision?

    <p>Prepuce (foreskin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does only one egg, rather than four eggs, develop during oogenesis?

    <p>Unequal cytoplasmic division ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________.

    <p>In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is released during ovulation?

    <p>Secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In males, which of the following includes the correct target and result of LH stimulation?

    <p>Interstitial cells: Increased androgen secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of __________ encourages sustentocytes to release __________.

    <p>follicle-stimulating hormone; androgen-binding protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normally menstruation occurs when ________.

    <p>Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?

    <p>The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase?

    <p>Ovulation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostate cancer is ________.

    <p>Sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm cells and urine?

    <p>Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would most directly interfere with sperm production?

    <p>Interruption of sustentocytes' production of ABP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A couple is undergoing evaluation for difficulty conceiving a child. The female is able to ovulate, and the male produces adequate normal sperm. The woman reports 20 days between menses. What problem does this suggest?

    <p>The corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During spermiogenesis, ________.

    <p>The acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures produces the greatest amount of the secretions found in semen?

    <p>Seminal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a male undergoes a vasectomy, which of the following can no longer take place?

    <p>Passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an incorrect matching of female reproductive structures with their functions?

    <p>Uterus: fertilization of ovum by sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is NOT matched with its type of secretion?

    <p>Urethra: Clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as a __________ chromosome number.

    <p>23; haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the preschool examination of a 4-year-old boy, you are unable to palpate his testes within the scrotal sac. His parents state that previous exams have been normal, and that the testes are clearly visible during baths. What is the most likely explanation?

    <p>A chilly examination room or your cold hands have activated the cremasteric reflex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is FALSE.

    <p>The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a woman has just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate?

    <p>In about 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.

    <p>They have the same number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Male erection is a response to a parasympathetic reflex, and ejaculation is a response to a sympathetic reflex.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The membrane surrounding the ovary is the tunica albuginea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?

    <p>Regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm is produced in the __________.

    <p>seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT occur in both the male and female sexual response?

    <p>A refractory period follows orgasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg?

    <p>Stratum functionalis of the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is

    <p>failure of the testis to make their normal descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise?

    <p>The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during __________.

    <p>The follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The critical factor that determines gender during development is ________.

    <p>the SRY gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effects of estrogen include ________.

    <p>Growth of the breasts at puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, __________.

    <p>The endometrium prepares for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the following statements, select the statement that is NOT true of uterine function.

    <p>The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the round ligament?

    <p>It connects the uterus to the labia majora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A man who has had a successful orchiectomy may still be able to have children because ______.

    <p>All of the listed responses are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ________ reaches its highest levels.

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ________.

    <p>Involves FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male reproductive structure is NOT correctly matched with its function?

    <p>Epididymis: Produce sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spermatogenesis is meiotic cell division that produces four genetically identical sperm cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following best describes the role they play?

    <p>They regulate the temperature of the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of estrogens in females?

    <p>Promotes oogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina?

    <p>Serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mammary glands are well developed in all females.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum?

    <p>Labia majora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.

    <p>Be unable to produce viable sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reduces circulating blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when the sperm count is high?

    <p>Inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a role of primary sex organs?

    <p>Production of sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is incurable?

    <p>Genital herpes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization generally occurs in the ________.

    <p>Uterine tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Testis Barrier

    • Prevents the male immune system from attacking developing sperm, identifying them as foreign bodies.
    • Formed by sustentocytes in seminiferous tubules.

    Sperm Movement

    • Sperm cells move along the ductus deferens due to peristaltic contractions, not gravity or hormonal action.

    Function of Meiosis

    • Meiosis produces cells with half the chromosome number, essential for forming sperm and egg cells, allowing the formation of a diploid zygote upon fertilization.

    Hormonal Influence on Bone Development

    • Growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland works alongside gonadal steroids to promote male bone development.

    Maintenance of Chromosome Number

    • Meiosis is critical in maintaining a constant chromosome number across generations.

    Uterine Layers

    • The -metrium suffix refers to the uterine layer, specifically relevant to reproductive anatomy.

    Germ Layers

    • Mesoderm is the middle embryonic layer; it develops non-epidermal tissues, such as muscles and bones.

    Sperm Structure

    • The acrosome contains enzymes essential for penetrating the egg during fertilization.

    Female External Genitalia

    • Labia minora are the inner lips that enclose the vestibule.

    Secretions from Glands

    • Bulbourethral glands produce secretions that neutralize acidic urine and serve as lubrication.

    Germ Cell Types

    • Type A daughter cells remain at the basal lamina to maintain the pool of dividing germ cells.

    Sexually Transmitted Infections

    • Symptoms of trichomoniasis often include yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor.

    Vaginal Environment

    • The adult vagina has an acidic pH, contrary to alkaline, which is false regarding its environment.

    Sperm Components

    • The acrosome is crucial for sperm as it holds necessary enzymes for oocyte penetration.

    Uterine Cycle Insights

    • FSH and LH do not directly promote uterine endometrium development, which is important for uterine cycle understanding.

    Hormonal Regulation

    • GnRH regulates the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins involved in reproductive functions.

    Temperature Sensitivity in Spermatogenesis

    • The location of the testes in the scrotum is temperature-sensitive for effective sperm production.

    Hormonal Feedback Loop

    • Inhibin provides negative feedback on FSH secretion, crucial for male hormone regulation.

    Estrogenic Effects

    • Estradiol is the primary hormone responsible for estrogenic effects in females.

    Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) Symptoms

    • Men with BPH may experience a full feeling in the bladder post-urination, straining to urinate, and discomfort.

    STIs and Causative Agents

    • Genital warts are caused by human papillomavirus, syphilis by treponema pallidum, and gonorrhea causes urethritis in males.

    Oocyte Development

    • Female infants' primary oocytes halt in prophase I until puberty, restarting in oogenesis as they mature.

    Menstruation Mechanism

    • Menstruation occurs when estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, signaling the end of the uterine cycle.

    Sperm Transport Pathway

    • Sperm travel from the seminiferous tubule through rete testis, epididymis, and then ductus deferens.

    Sexual Response Cycle

    • The male sexual response cycle includes a refractory period which does not occur in females.

    Puberty Signs in Females

    • The first visible sign of puberty in females is the budding of breasts.

    Fertilization Structure

    • The uterine tube is typically where fertilization of the ovum occurs, not the uterus.

    Corpus Luteum Role

    • The corpus luteum forms during the secretory phase, producing hormones to support the uterus until it degrades prior to menstruation.

    Testing and Evaluations

    • A Pap smear screen is essential for detecting cervical cancer.

    Circumcision

    • Circumcision involves the removal of the prepuce (foreskin), providing various health and cultural benefits.

    Menstrual Cycle Duration

    • Ovulation typically occurs about 14 days after the menstrual phase ends.

    Sperm and Egg Similarities

    • Egg and sperm both contain the same number of chromosomes, despite differences in quantity produced.

    Oogenesis vs. Spermatogenesis

    • Only one ovum develops during oogenesis per parent cell, compared to four sperm produced in spermatogenesis due to unequal cytoplasmic division.

    Spermatic Cord Composition

    • The spermatic cord contains key structures including testicular arteries and veins essential for testicular function.

    Testicular Cancer Risk

    • The main risk factor for testicular cancer in young males is undescended testes, emphasizing the importance of normal anatomical development.

    Polarity in Oocyte Development

    • The first polar body may divide to create additional polar bodies, impacting the number present during fertilization.

    Testosterone Production

    • Testosterone is synthesized by interstitial endocrine cells, playing a critical role in male reproductive health.### Unequal Cytoplasmic Division
    • Fertilized egg undergoes unequal cytoplasmic division resulting in one viable egg and three polar bodies.
    • This process ensures the egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus.
    • Polar bodies, lacking cytoplasm, degenerate and do not contribute to fertilization.

    LH Stimulation in Males

    • LH targets interstitial cells in males, stimulating increased androgen secretion, notably testosterone.

    Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

    • FSH encourages sustentocytes to release androgen-binding protein (ABP).
    • ABP is essential for maintaining high testosterone levels near spermatogenic cells.

    Mammary Glands

    • Both males and females possess mammary glands, which are modified sweat glands of the integumentary system.
    • These glands are not solely targeted by hormones during pregnancy and lactation.

    Prostate Cancer

    • Prostate cancer may often be slow-growing, sometimes posing little threat to the patient.

    Sperm Production Interference

    • Interruption of ABP production by sustentocytes directly disrupts sperm production by lowering local testosterone levels.

    Spermiogenesis

    • During spermiogenesis, the acrosome moves toward the anterior end of the spermatid to aid in penetrating the egg during fertilization.

    Vasectomy Effects

    • A vasectomy halts the passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra, due to severing of the ductus deferens.

    Urethra Secretion

    • The urethra produces clear, viscous mucus to neutralize urine, but is not primarily responsible for sperm production.

    Chromosome Count in Gametes

    • Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes, classified as haploid.

    Blood Testis Barrier

    • The blood testis barrier, formed by tight junctions, prevents immune system exposure to unique sperm antigens and is crucial for spermatogenesis.

    Ovulation Trigger

    • Luteinizing hormone (LH) is the critical trigger for ovulation to occur.

    Male Erection and Ejaculation

    • Male erection is managed by a parasympathetic reflex, while ejaculation is controlled by sympathetic responses.

    Ovary Membrane

    • Each ovary is surrounded by a membrane known as the tunica albuginea.

    Sperm Production Site

    • Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

    Implantation Site in Uterus

    • The stratum functionalis of the endometrium is the site where fertilized eggs implant.

    Follicular Phase

    • The formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

    Gender Determination Factor

    • The SRY gene plays a critical role in determining gender during development.

    Estrogen Effects

    • Estrogen promotes the growth of breasts during puberty among other physiological effects.

    Secretory Phase of Uterine Cycle

    • During the secretory phase, the endometrium prepares for potential implantation of the fertilized egg.

    Uterine Function Misconceptions

    • The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is not typically where fertilization occurs; it usually happens in the uterine tubes.

    Round Ligament Function

    • The round ligament connects the uterus to the labia majora, providing support.

    Orchiectomy Outcomes

    • A man with one functioning testis post-orchiectomy can still have children as it can produce enough testosterone and sperm.

    Hormonal Levels in Secretory Phase

    • Progesterone reaches peak levels during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.

    Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

    • This axis involves the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary, crucial for reproductive function.

    Epididymis Function

    • The epididymis does not produce sperm but is essential for sperm storage and maturation.

    Misconceptions in Spermatogenesis

    • Spermatogenesis is meiotic cell division that produces genetically diverse sperm, not identical cells.

    Dartos and Cremaster Muscles

    • These muscles help regulate the temperature of the testes, which is crucial for optimal sperm production.

    Female Roles of Estrogens

    • Estrogens promote oogenesis, crucial for the development of female gametes.

    Vaginal Functions

    • The vagina serves as a passageway for menstrual flow, birth, and receiving semen, but not for primary oocytes.

    Mammary Gland Development

    • Mammary glands are not developed in all females; they typically activate during pregnancy.

    Homologous Structures

    • The labia majora in females are homologous to the male scrotum.

    FSH and LH Effects Due to Injury

    • An injury preventing FSH release would impede the production of viable sperm, even if LH levels remain normal.

    Inhibin's Role

    • Inhibin release from sustentocytes reduces FSH levels when sperm counts are high, maintaining reproductive balance.

    Primary Sex Organs Function

    • Primary sex organs, such as the testes and ovaries, are essential for the production of gametes and sex hormones.

    Incurable Conditions

    • Genital herpes is an incurable sexually transmitted infection.

    Fertilization Location

    • Fertilization typically occurs in the uterine tubes, not in the ovaries or uterus.

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