IIoT Reference Architectures Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the SCOR reference model in the manufacturing sector?

To perform requirements elicitation

To define the processes for managing the supply chain (correct)

To ensure technical interoperability between computer systems

To design the system architecture

Which of the following best describes the process of system design in IIoT projects?

It starts at a low level of abstraction and is refined to a higher level

It involves only defining the architecture and does not consider the detailed design

It begins with a conceptual level design and is refined to a detailed design (correct)

It focuses solely on ensuring technical interoperability between components

Which architectural pattern is mentioned in the text as an example for IIoT systems?

Three-tier architecture (correct)

Monolithic architecture

Event-driven architecture

Microservices architecture

What does technical interoperability in IIoT projects cover?

The technical issues of linking computer systems and services Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step after the requirements phase in IIoT projects?

Architectural design Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a part of the SCOR reference model?

Deploy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of defining ontologies in Internet-based services?

To ensure information sharing between services Signup and view all the answers

How do ontologies contribute to the interoperability of systems in IIoT projects?

By addressing semantic issues and defining common taxonomies Signup and view all the answers

What role do sensors and actuators play in IoT according to the text?

Collecting and processing data Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of sensors and actuators in IoT devices?

Improving device functionality over time Signup and view all the answers

How are ontologies different from data models in a database?

Ontologies abstract knowledge about entities and relationships, while data models focus on data structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about sensors and actuators in IoT?

They are the same thing Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of descriptive analytics in IoT data analysis?

To transform raw data into useful information describing the past Signup and view all the answers

Why is descriptive analytics alone insufficient for highly data-driven application scenarios in IoT systems?

It only describes facts without inferring reasons Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes diagnostic analytics from descriptive analytics in IoT data analysis?

Diagnostic analytics finds reasons behind the facts, while descriptive analytics only describes facts Signup and view all the answers

In IoT data analysis, what is the primary goal of diagnostic analytics?

To identify hidden data patterns and underlying relations among data Signup and view all the answers

What makes descriptive analytics more limited compared to other types of data analysis in IoT systems?

It only describes past events without inferring reasons behind them Signup and view all the answers

What drawback does descriptive analytics have when it comes to supporting highly data-driven application scenarios in IoT systems?

It can hardly support complex applications due to its limited scope Signup and view all the answers

What is the objective of prescriptive analytics?

To prescribe actions to eliminate potential issues and utilize promising trends Signup and view all the answers

Which component(s) of an IoT system have direct interactions with the physical environment?

IoT end devices and self-organized subnets Signup and view all the answers

In a smart home scenario, what component adjusts the temperature based on feedback from the cloud?

Air conditioner Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cloud computing platform in an IoT system?

To process collected IoT data and send feedback to IoT end devices Signup and view all the answers

What additional information does prescriptive analytics require besides historical data?

External information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cloud-based IoT system architecture described in the text?

Machine learning models Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the benefits promised by the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)?

Enhanced safety Signup and view all the answers

What is a popular reference model for developing industrial architectures in IIoT?

NIST smart manufacturing Signup and view all the answers

What is not sufficient for providing technical and architectural requirements for developing IIoT systems?

Adopting reference architectures Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of requirements elicitation in the context of IIoT systems?

To contextualize and delimit user actions in a given domain Signup and view all the answers

What is an advisable step during the requirements elicitation stage for IIoT projects?

Acquiring in-depth knowledge of the industrial context Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the complex ecosystem of IIoT projects mentioned in the text?

Large variety of sensors and devices Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

IIoT Projects

In manufacturing sector, supply chain operations reference (SCOR) is commonly used to define processes for managing supply chain (plan, source, make, deliver, return, and enable processes).
SCOR is composed of processes, subprocesses, roles, tasks, and operations that can be mapped in a business process notation language.

Designing the System

System design starts at a conceptual level and is refined to a detailed level, moving from high-level abstraction to low-level abstraction.
Architectural design defines strategic decisions affecting software components, such as concurrency model and distribution of components across processor nodes.
Three-tier architecture is an example of an architectural pattern that can be considered in IIoT systems.

System Interoperability

Technical interoperability covers technical issues of linking computer systems and services.
Data pre-processing, particularly data cleaning, is often necessary before performing data analysis.
Semantic interoperability ensures information sharing between services, requiring common taxonomies and ontologies to address semantic issues.

IoT Data Analytics

Historical analytics is based on IoT data collected and stored in a database, and can be further classified into descriptive analytics and diagnostic analytics.
Descriptive analytics transforms raw data into useful information, describing the past, but does not infer reasons behind the facts.
Diagnostic analytics analyzes historical data to find out the reasons behind the facts provided by descriptive analytics.

Sensors and Actuators in IoT

Sensors and actuators are used in IoT to collect and process data, which is then analyzed.
Over time, changing types of data are used to improve IoT device functionality.
Sensors and actuators are becoming faster, smarter, and more accurate, but are not the same thing.

Prescriptive Analytics

Prescriptive analytics aims to prescribe actions to eliminate potential issues and utilize promising trends.
Example: a large-scale IoT surveillance system can prevent accidents and react to emergencies with prepared plans.
Prescriptive analytics requires not only historical data but also external information due to the nature of statistical algorithms.

Architectures for Real-Time Data Analytics in IoT Systems

Cloud-based IoT system architecture consists of two major parts: IoT end devices and cloud computing platform.
IoT end devices interact with physical environments through sensors and actuators, and upload data to the cloud.
Cloud computing platform processes IoT data comprehensively and sends results back to IoT end devices as feedback.

IIoT Architectures

Recent years have seen an increase in reference architectures designed to guide IIoT applications development.
NIST smart manufacturing is a popular reference model for developing industrial architectures.
Adopting reference architectures is not sufficient for providing technical and architectural requirements necessary for developing IIoT systems.

Design Dimensions of IIoT Systems

Requirements elicitation is a project stage that allows in-depth knowledge acquisition of the context, such as industrial, where the project will be carried out.
This knowledge is necessary due to the complex ecosystem of IIoT projects, including a variety of sensors and devices, machinery, communication protocols, data formats, and data value.

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Description

Test your knowledge on IIoT reference architectures, including NIST smart manufacturing model. Explore the benefits of IIoT such as enhanced safety, better reliability, smart metering, and more.