Untitled Quiz
45 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does the Rx symbol signify in pharmacy?

  • Take as prescribed (correct)
  • Patient consent
  • Pharmacy location
  • Prescription refill

    • Which of the following represents the symbol known as the Bowl of Hygieia?

  • A heart with wings
  • A pair of scales
  • A bowl with a serpent coiled around it (correct)
  • A book with a cross

    • What is one of the rights of patients regarding their treatment options?

  • Treatment options are determined solely by the physician
  • Patients must accept only one treatment
  • Patients can select from multiple treatment options (correct)
  • Patients have no say in treatment decisions

    • Which of the following statements regarding drug information is true?

    <p>It must be current and critically examined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Hygieia in Greek mythology?

    <p>The daughter of Aesculapius and goddess of good health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pharmacists regarding patient information needs?

    <p>To assist patients in understanding drugs, therapy, and diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mortar and pestle symbolize in pharmacy?

    <p>The tools for crushing and mixing ingredients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must pharmacists consider when examining information from different sources?

    <p>The extent of agreement of sources and clinical plausibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of primary sources in literature?

    <p>They present original research conducted by the authors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes secondary sources?

    <p>They summarize, interpret, or rearrange information from primary sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of secondary sources as mentioned?

    <p>They may misinterpret important information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following databases is specifically focused on pharmacy and pharmaceutical science?

    <p>International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of information do tertiary sources provide?

    <p>Compilations from both primary and secondary sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should tertiary literature be used?

    <p>When needing background information or a quick answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of secondary sources regarding publication lag time?

    <p>There is substantial variability in lag time among different services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options are examples of tertiary literature?

    <p>Drug compendia and handbooks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of nuclear pharmacy?

    <p>Preparation of radioactive materials for diagnosis and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area does industrial pharmacy NOT typically cover?

    <p>Family planning counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do academic pharmacists play in educational institutes?

    <p>Engaging in teaching and research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In family planning, pharmacists are primarily responsible for which of the following?

    <p>Educating on contraceptive methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the responsibilities of a pharmacist in the industrial sector?

    <p>Engaging in quality assurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles is NOT typically associated with pharmaceutical journalism?

    <p>Conducting laboratory experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key activity of pharmacists involved in clinical trials?

    <p>Monitoring drug safety and efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In quality control, pharmacists are responsible for which of the following?

    <p>Assuring that the product is of good quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for effective teamwork in a healthcare setting?

    <p>Valuing contributions from all team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of effective communication in healthcare?

    <p>Being told what to do without explanation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a pharmacist play in a multi-professional healthcare team?

    <p>They are just one component of the team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should healthcare professionals approach a patient's treatment plan?

    <p>Tailoring regimens to meet specific needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of patient healthcare records?

    <p>They must be confidential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to understanding team dynamics?

    <p>Negotiating role boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intention of the TRIPS Agreement?

    <p>To provide guidelines for IP regulation among WTO members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these elements is crucial in dealing with patient fears and concerns?

    <p>Providing reassurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of a brand name drug?

    <p>It is often more expensive than generic drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly pairs a chemical name with its generic and brand name?

    <p>5,5-diphenyl-2, 4-imidazolidinedione - Phenytoin - Epanutin®</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a company do to market an off-patent drug?

    <p>Use the same generic name but create a new brand name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a guideline for pharmaceutical product names?

    <p>Names should be long and complicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of healthcare organizations and professional groups according to their mission?

    <p>To reduce the burden of illness and improve public health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product is designed to relieve muscle relaxation?

    <p>Calmepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these drugs is marketed under its brand name 'Leukran®'?

    <p>Chlorambucil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common function of the product 'Spascolon'?

    <p>Relieves spasm of colon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to remove cotton balls from opened pill bottles?

    <p>They may attract moisture into the bottle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bottles are specifically used for dispensing eye, nasal, otic, or oral liquids?

    <p>Dropper bottles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which container type is designed for applying liquid medications to wounds or skin surfaces?

    <p>Applicator bottle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of amber-colored containers in pharmaceutical storage?

    <p>To provide maximum protection against light sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of container is used for powders that are applied by sprinkling?

    <p>Sifter top container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Orientations

    • Pharmacy orientation familiarizes individuals with all aspects of the pharmacy profession and education.

    Pharmacy

    • Pharmacy is the art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and providing drug-related information to the public.

    • It encompasses every licensed store or shop where drugs, controlled substances, poisons, medicines, or chemicals are stored, dispensed, sold, displayed for sale, or compounded.

    Pharmacy, also

    • This includes outpatient hospitals, community pharmacies, nuclear facilities, institutional pharmacies, and internet pharmacies.

    Pharmacy (Page 5)

    • Interpretation of prescription orders
    • Compounding
    • Dispensing of drugs and devices
    • Labeling
    • Drug product selection
    • Patient monitoring and intervention
    • Provision of cognitive services related to the use of medications and devices.

    Drug or medicine

    • A substance or material, other than food, intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or animals.

    • It affects the structure or any function of the body of humans or animals.

    Drug/medicine/pharmaceutical products

    • A drug is a substance with pharmacology or therapeutic activity.
    • A medicine is a drug admixed with excipients (inactive materials), formulated, packed, and labelled.
    • Pharmaceutical products are drugs processed on a large scale by pharmaceutical manufacturers.

    Drug product

    • A dosage form containing one or more active ingredients along with other substances included during the manufacturing process.

    Excipient

    • Anything other than the drug substance in the dosage form (adjuvant, secondary, auxiliary, or non-drug additive).

    Pharmaceutical products or medicines

    • Pharmaceutical products (or medicines) should be safe and effective.

    Nature and sources of drugs

    • Plant sources, e.g., castor oil (laxative)
    • Animal sources, e.g., insulin (pancreas), heparin (liver or lung tissue)
    • Mineral sources, e.g., magnesium sulfate, iodine
    • Microorganisms, e.g., penicillin (produced by Penicillium mold)
    • Synthetic drugs, e.g., aspirin, sulfonamide, barbiturate
    • Biotechnology, e.g., recombinant DNA (Human insulin, vaccines, and interferon)

    Classification of drugs

    • Prescription-only drugs: drugs prescribed by a physician and dispensed with a prescription.
    • OTC drugs: drugs the patient can obtain without a prescription.

    Strength

    • The concentration of the drug in a dosage form.

    Dose

    • The amount of drug taken each time, for safety, and effectiveness.

    Dose regimen

    • Frequency of drug use.

    Quality control

    • Physical or chemical tests to ensure specifications of a raw material or dosage form.
    • Specifications are supplied by the pharmacopeia or the factory.

    Stability

    • The ability of a formulation (dosage form) in a specific container closure system to remain within defined physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological specifications until the end of the stated date under defined storage conditions

    Expiration date

    • The date placed on the container indicating when the product is expected to remain within specifications based on appropriate storage conditions.

    Storage

    • The safekeeping of starting materials, packing materials, drug products in drug stores, pharmacies, and hospitals.

    • Storage conditions include temperature, humidity, container, and light.

    Temperature for storing the product

    • Deep freezer: less than -10°C
    • Refrigerator: 2-8°C
    • Cold place: less than 8°C
    • Cool place:8-15°C
    • Room temperature (ambient temperature): 15-30°C
    • Warm temperature: 30-40°C

    Drug nomenclature

    • When a drug is synthesized from a natural source or identified from an organic compound it's represented by its empirical formula, which indicates the number and type of atoms comprising the molecule.

    • Example: C14H19Cl2NO2 (Chlorambucil)

    • Naming can take four years to complete.

    Chemical name

    • Used by organic chemists to describe the chemical structure of the drug.
    • Named according to IUPAC rules (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).
    • Complex names not usually used by the general public

    Code number

    • Chemists assign code numbers to new compounds and record them in a database for tracking their performance in studies.
    • The code stays with the compound from initial preclinical investigation until human clinical trials.
    • If a compound shows promise, generic and brand names are chosen.

    Generic name

    • Official, non-proprietary, approved name for a drug.
    • Two organizations approve generic names; the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Non-proprietary Name (INN) Programme.
    • Drugs often have a common suffix meaning how it works, like "afil", such as sildenafifl, tadalafil, vardenafil, and avanafil.
    • These terms are used for educational purposes.
    • Concise.

    Brand name

    • A proprietary, commercial, or trade name for a drug given by a pharmaceutical company for commercial purposes.

    • Easy to remember and pronounce by the patient.

    • May indicate the drug's use or the manufacturer's name.

    • Often used by physicians on prescriptions.

    • May contain one or more generic drugs.

    • Generally, more expensive than the generic version of the drug.

    Patency

    • When a drug is under patent protection, the company that developed and owns the drug markets it under its brand name.

    • Other companies that want to market the same drug after the patent expires must use the same generic name, but can create their own brand name.

    • Consequently, a generic drug may be known by various different brand names.

    Pharmaceutical product names (general)

    • Short, distinctive names based on sound and spelling.
    • Indicate the general pharmacological or therapeutic class.

    Supplement drug listing.

    • Cal-mag: supplement of calcium and magnesium
    • Spascolon: relieves colon spasm
    • Laxolac: laxative
    • Calmepam: relieves anxiety and stress
    • No Migraine: relieves migraine
    • Disflatyl: relieves flatulence
    • Relax: relaxation for muscle.

    General mission for health care

    • All health care organizations and professional groups should aim to reduce illness, injury, and disability, and improve the public's health and well-being .

    Six aims for health care systems (Page 32)

    • Safe
    • Effective
    • Patient-centered
    • Timely
    • Efficient
    • Equitable

    Pharmacist role in the society

    • Pharmacists now also provide drug information and recommendations beyond simply dispensing medications,

    Modern pharmacist role

    • Improved direction in pharmaceutical care for patients. Responsibility is shared among prescribers and pharmacists.
    • Continuous professional development to keep abreast of changes in pharmacy practice and relevant knowledge/technology.
    • Following the pharmaceutical code of ethics.
    • Providing up-to-date drug information.
    • Adopting new concepts for the welfare of the society.

    Consumerism vs. paternalism.

    • Paternalism: the belief that health professionals know what's best for their patients.
    • Consumerism: the belief that patients have the right to informed decisions and provide consent for procedures.

    Patient rights

    • Patients can expect pharmacists to use their knowledge and experience when caring for them.
    • Patients expect pharmacists to respect their wishes regarding their treatment.
    • Patients should have the choice to choose their physician, pharmacy, and hospital.
    • Patients should have the choice to choose among multiple treatment options.
    • Treatment should be safe, and effective.

    Pharmacy symbol

    • Rx: abbreviation of the Latin word "recipere," meaning "take." Used at the beginning of prescriptions.
    • Mortar and pestle: traditional tool for preparing medicines.

    Right symbol of pharmacy

    • The bowl with a snake drinking: Symbol of pharmacy.

    Information resources in pharmacy

    • Pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists continually need reliable and up-to-date information.

    Drug information

    • Sources should be current, as evidenced by recent information from up-to-date sources.

    • Critical examination is necessary, using multiple sources and evaluating potential agreement/disagreement in information. Assessment should consider clinical context of the source to determine plausibility.

    • Information should be relevant to the circumstances being discussed.

    Primary literature

    • Original research findings written by the author(s) of the study.

    • Contains new scientific discoveries.

    • Source for secondary and tertiary resources.

    • Examples include publications in scientific journals, theses, dissertations, conferences, or clinical trials.

    Format of a scientific research publication

    • Abstract/summary
    • Introduction/review of related work
    • Methodology
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • References

    Steps of publication

    • Submitted to a journal, possibly by a professional or commercial scientific publisher.

    • Reviewed by one or more researchers in the same field, usually anonymously.

    • Accepted and published, either in electronic or print form.

    Examples of excellent primary literature resources

    • International Journal of Pharmaceutics
    • European Journal of Pharmaceutics
    • Drug delivery science and technology

    Limitation of primary sources

    • Publication in a reputable journal and high impact factor do not ensure accuracy; the information still needs careful scrutiny.

    Secondary literature

    • Contains information from primary sources, which is often summarized, re-arranged, or condensed by someone other than the original author.

    • Provides interpretation, indexing, and abstracts of original research.

    • Examples include review articles, abstracts of the research studies, and indexing services (PubMed).

    International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA)

    • Is a database focused on pharmacy and pharmaceutical science, produced by Thomson Scientific (now part of Clarivate Analytics) in partnership with the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP).

    • Provides indexing and abstracts for pharmaceutical and medical journals published worldwide.

    Limitation of secondary sources

    • Misinterpretation may occur.

    • Original sources should be consulted for full information.

    • Significant time lag (between publication and indexing) can exist.

    Tertiary literature

    • Information collected from primary or secondary sources.

    • Useful for general information or quick background information.

    • Examples include drug compendia (pharmacopoeias, formularies, Martindale), handbooks (e.g., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients), textbooks, and online drug databases,

    Limitations of tertiary sources

    • Data may be outdated, as preparation of the tertiary information source might have taken a while.

    • The tertiary source authors may not have performed a thorough literature search, resulting in relevant omissions.

    • Misinterpretation from primary or secondary sources is possible.

    Drug Compendia (pharmacopoeias and formularies)

    • Books containing standards for drugs and related substances.

    • Includes official drug compendia by government authorities (like USP/NF).

    • Includes non-official drug compendia as secondary reference sources.

    Pharmacopoeias

    • The term is derived from ancient Greek words.

    • Issued or authorized by governments/international agencies.

    • Contain non-proprietary names, therapeutic uses, and manufacturing/quality control standards for drugs,

    Importance of pharmacopoeia

    • Maintains uniformity and standardized standards for drugs on the market.

    • Avoids adulterated drugs.

    • Provides complete information on drugs and their dosage forms.

    United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF)

    • Consists of two separate titles (USP, which is larger, and NF) in one volume.

    • Contains monographs about drugs (USP) and excipients (NF).

    • Includes only drugs and excipients reviewed and accepted by the USP convention (a representative organization of physicians, pharmacists, and others in the pharmaceutical and health care communities.)

    Monograph Format

    • Details about specific drugs or excipients.

    • Includes:

      • Name (drug name, chemical formula).
      • Chemical Name (according to IUPAC).
      • Category (Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Aid)
      • Description (Macroscopic & Microscopic features)
      • Solubility (Aqueous or organic solvents)

    Other pharmacopoeias

    • BP (British Pharmacopeia).
    • Japanese Pharmacopeia
    • Egyptian Pharmacopeia.

    Martindale

    • Also known as The Extra Pharmacopoeia.
    • Not a true national pharmacopeia.
    • Contains information on drugs worldwide; includes proprietary products/manufacturers (making the database helpful for identifying foreign drugs).

    History of Martindale (page 59)

    • 1st edition (1883) was an "Extra Pharmacopoeia" of unofficial drugs, chemical, and pharmaceutical preparations.
    • 4th edition (1885) began to include drugs from British Pharmacopoeia.
    • 1972 edition became known as simply Martindale.

    Formularies

    • In the past these were recipe books; today, they are lists of government/hospital-approved drugs.
    • National Formulary (NF) is not a true "formulary"—it's more a reference.

    Orange book

    • A reliable source of information about FDA-approved drugs, often referred to as the "Orange book" due to its cover color.
    • This is an annual publication by the FDA.
    • Contains approved drugs and their therapeutic equivalence evaluations.

    Examples of online tertiary sources

    • Access Pharmacy
    • Daily Med
    • Facts and Comparisons Online
    • Access Medicine
    • Drugs.com
    • Medscape

    Pharmacy education

    • Egypt's first pharmacy school (1824 AD) was part of a hospital in Cairo.

    • First "university" pharmacists graduated in 1929 (only 3).

    • Pharmacy faculty at Cairo University became a separate entity in 1955.

    Governmental faculties of pharmacy

    • Al-Azhar (established 1965 as a department within the faculty of medicine).

    • Cairo, Alexandria, Assiut, Mansoura, Tanta, Zagazig, Suez Canal, and Beni-Suef.

    Private universities

    • 6th October Misr University for Science and Technology.

    • Other private universities (like German, Ahram, Future, Russian, Pharos, Sinai, El Nahda, badr, Delta, Helipolis & British).

    Pharmacy's apprenticeship system

    • Until the early 19th century, pharmacy education and practice didn't require a degree but relied on an apprenticeship system.

    • Apprentices learned a trade/profession by working for an experienced master.

    • The apprenticeship system was eliminated when the first pharmacy schools were established.

    Agencies responsible for pharmacy education accreditation

    • The Supreme Council of Universities.

    • Ministry of Higher Education.

    Awarded pharmaceutical degrees

    • Bachelor's in pharmaceutical science (typically 5 years, but recently 6-year courses).
    • Master's in pharmaceutical science (2 years, including one-year study and thesis).
    • Ph.D. in pharmaceutical science (minimum 2 years after M.S/Master's degree, requiring the student to defend a practical thesis).
    • Diploma courses (one-year programs in specializations) are also available. Examples include industrial, hospital, clinical, or quality pharmacy, and cosmetics.

    Departments of Pharmacy Faculty

    • Pharmaceutics & pharmaceutical technology
    • Pharmacognosy
    • Microbiology
    • Biochemistry
    • Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Clinical Pharmacy
    • Pharmacology & Toxicology

    Types of courses

    • General courses in social sciences, humanities, history, and literature (broad general education).
    • Prerequisite courses in mathematics, physical and biological sciences.
    • Professional courses in pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics, physical pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, first aid, drug analysis, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry and microbiology.

    Courses in pharmacy

    • Organic Chemistry
    • Biochemistry
    • Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    • Pharmaceutics
    • Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics
    • Radiopharmaceuticals
    • Pharmacology
    • Clinical Pharmacy

    Job opportunities for pharmacists

    • Increasing due to large population, scientific advances, and new developments.

    Career motivations for pharmacists

    • Personal relationships
    • Observed community pharmacy practices.
    • College representatives visiting high schools and multimedia.
    • Personal experience with illness within the family.
    • Salaries.

    Pharmacy as a multifaceted profession

    • Pharmacists can be legislators, educators, practitioners, or administrators.
    • A pharmacist can practice in several different fields (community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, governmental employment, industrial pharmacy, or other fields.)

    Community pharmacy

    • Community pharmacists provide several essential roles, including dispensing of prescribed medications.
    • Providing advice about minor health problems and suggesting over-the-counter (OTC) medications.
    • Monitoring drug use (and potentially dangerous behaviours regarding drug use. For example, tracking misuse).

    Hospital pharmacy

    • Practiced in hospitals, health maintenance organizations, walk-in health centers, and drug information centers.

    • Roles include dispensing medications, preparing sterile solutions, advising other professionals/patients, monitoring drug regimens, evaluating drug use, advising other care professionals (e.g., nurses, physician assistants, and doctors) on drug selection/effects

    Role of a hospital pharmacist

    • Dispensing medications
    • Preparing sterile solutions
    • Advising professionals/patients about drug use
    • Monitoring drug regimens
    • Evaluating drug use
    • Participating in patient care
    • Participating in drug analysis, clinical trial planning

    Governmental employment

    • Regulatory control and drug management
    • Planning and implementing health and drug policies.
    • Registration and quality control of various types of medication including drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices.

    Nuclear pharmacy

    • Involves preparing radioactive materials for diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

    Industrial pharmacy

    • The future of the pharmaceutical industry is bright.
    • R&D in drugs continues.

    Pharmacists in the industry

    • Research and development
    • Production
    • Quality control
    • Drug information
    • Clinical trials, and post-marketing surveillance.
    • Sales and marketing/Business development
    • Management

    Academic pharmacists

    • Faculty members at universities, polytechnics, etc., involved in teaching, training future generations of pharmacists, and pharmaceutical scientists
    • Conduct research; this includes new drug discoveries, manufacturing technologies, drug product formulation, pharmacy practice improvements, and enhancing therapeutic/health outcomes for patients
    • Consultancy, internal support to the university or institution, and collaboration with international health organizations or similar organizations are also roles that are undertaken by academics.

    Pharmaceutical journalism

    • A career for pharmacists with writing and editing skills, or communicative talents, in a field related to pharmaceutical science.

    Military pharmacy

    • Manufacturing generic products
    • Drug distribution in military areas
    • Dispensing to military personnel
    • Preparing water purification products

    National health projects

    • Pharmacists participate in projects/campaigns promoting public health
    • Examples include diarrhea control in children using rehydration therapy, prevention of smoking, or campaigns related to preventing virus C infections.

    Pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs) or medical representatives

    • Act as communicators between pharmaceutical companies and professionals who prescribe and dispense medications.
    • Objectives include informing physicians about products, answering their questions, and increasing sales of products.
    • Highly qualified graduates with business skills may be selected by companies.

    Drug promotion (page 99)

    • Medical Rep.: informs pharmacists, physicians, and hospitals about the products of the company.

    • Product Manager: trains medical representatives.

    • Area Manager: supervises medical representatives in a certain geographical area.

    • Marketing Manager: creates plans for marketing drugs (over 1-5 years)

    • Medical Director: oversees research, brochures, and post-marketing surveillance (provides brochures about a medication in a package).

    • General Manager: plans, controls, and monitors activities within the department.

    Other pharmaceutical industries

    • Food industry.
    • Water analysis
    • Medicated plant cultivation.
    • Blood analysis
    • Forensic pharmacy
    • Drug information centers.

    Pharmaceutical ethics

    • Applied ethical principles in the field of pharmacy.

    • Shares principles with other healthcare fields like medical and nursing ethics.

    Ethical codes

    • Provide ethical principles and standards for health professionals.
    • Don't offer answers for every moral question.
    • Offer a framework when faced with ethical questions.
    • Include the Hippocratic code.

    Autonomy

    • Defined as individual choice from informed decision making.
    • Freedom of choice, action, and thoughts should not be interfered.
    • Individuals have the right to make choices about their bodies, what to take into their bodies, among competing options, including their health care providers or refusing treatment altogether.
    • Examples: weak/strong paternalism; diminished capacity (when consent might not reflect the patient's best interests).

    Confidentiality.

    • Pharmacists keep sensitive patient information private (unless the patient gives permission for it to be released).

    • Pharmacists are obliged to follow patient confidentiality rules, which often need not be formally requested from the patient.

    • Information such as medical data, address, telephone, or financial data should all be kept confidential.

    • Violation of confidentiality/privacy may occur through misuse/inappropriate release of personal data.

    Cases of disclosure

    • Patient's life is at risk.

    • Court order demands disclosure.

    • Patient/legal guardian requests disclosure

    Beneficence/Nonmaleficence

    • Beneficence: to do good, cause benefit.
    • Nonmaleficence: avoid/prevent harm. Complementary.

    Fidelity (loyalty)

    • A pharmacist demonstrates loyalty to their patient, regardless of how long the professional relationship lasts.
    • There is the same obligation to an occasional patient that there is to a regular customer.

    Placebo

    • Substance with no medical effect, used for psychological benefit to the patient (rather than any physiological effect).

    Veracity (truth, honesty)

    • Pharmacists' honesty in dealings with patients. 

    • Ethical justification for use of a placebo.

    Distributive justice

    • Equal distribution of societal benefits/burdens among all members/people.

    • Patient health care based on socioeconomic status can impact quality/intensity of care.

    • Potential disparities between insured and uninsured patients.

    Values

    • Integral part of ethics and internal motivators in actions.
    • Developed in childhood and shaped by family, teachers, friends, religious traditions and culture.
    • Generally remain stable in adulthood unless altered by spiritual/emotional distress or in situations where the value system appears inadequate.

    Traditional values of the pharmacy profession

    • Compassion
    • Faithfulness
    • Fairness
    • Patience
    • Responsiveness/kindness

    • Legal rights are granted by laws/constitutions.

    • Moral rights include the right to life, health, and other fundamental needs.

    • Pharmacist obligations are, in part, regulated by laws/regulations, despite the ethical obligation to care for patients.

    • Conflict can exist. Example: abortion.

    Hippocratic oath

    • Historically, it highlighted a moral responsibility for doctors to alleviate patients' pain.

    Cultural competence

    • Ability to provide care to patients with varied values, beliefs, and behaviours.
    • Tailoring care to social, cultural, and linguistic needs.
    • Represents a developmental lifelong approach to improving care quality.

    Model for cultural competence

    • Model to help avoid bias and stereotypes in the pharmaceutical practice.

    • Step 1: recognize/acknowledge existing inequalities. Example: minority patients tend to receive poorer quality care.

    • Step 2: Recognize/understand one's personal biases; consider the importance of culture/the meaning of culture. Examples: Dominant culture (mainstream culture), co-culture (sub-culture), and culture identities (specialized).

    • Step 3: effective communication (biomedical vs. narrative approaches).

    • Step 4: implementing the "learn" model (listen, explain, acknowledge, recommend, negotiate).

    Health care team relationship

    • Teamwork/ full communication
    • Pharmacist as a part of the multi-professional team.
    • Valuing/understanding the contributions of all members.
    • Patient-centered activity.

    Teamwork

    • Negotiating role boundaries to clarify responsibilities.
    • Values/understanding that individuals have different strengths/diverse approaches to work.
    • Each team member remains individually responsible for respective duties.

    Patient's health care records

    • Useful communication tool for the healthcare team.

    • Records are consecutive, clear, and confidential.

    Principles of effective communication

    • Being greeted warmly

    • Being listened to

    • Receiving clear explanations

    • Being re-assured

    • Ability to express fear/concerns

    • Being respected.

    • Given enough time.

    • Treated as a person (not just a patient).

    • It is an international agreement managed by the WTO to set minimum standards for intellectual property regulation.

    • Negotiated as part of GATT in 1994.

    • Balancing rights/obligations between innovators and users.

    Patents in developing nations

    • Criticism of patents in developing countries due to restricted access to necessary medications.

    • Legal cases (e.g., against South Africa in 2001) occurred due to the patent restrictions.

    • In 2016, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) announced dropping its patents in some poor countries to increase availability of medications.

    Counterfeit medicines

    • Deliberately/intentionally fraudulent manufacturing and labelling of medications.
    • May be for branded or generic drugs.
    • May involve incorrect or missing ingredients.

    WHO's classification

    • WHO still uses the term "substandard," "spurious," "falsely labeled," "falsified" and "counterfeit" medications.
    • "Counterfeit" is widely used for falsified, unlicensed, improperly packaged, stolen, or substandard medications.
    • Importance of distinguishing among these different categories to better address the issues.

    Substandard medicines

    • Genuine products that do not meet the quality/specifications prescribed/determined by national governments.

    Intentional versus accidental counterfeiting

    • It is vital to differentiate between intentional acts (to mislead) and less-intentional/accidental errors/omissions in manufacturing procedures.

    • The rate of counterfeiting is potentially higher in regions with less strict/weaker regulatory/legal controls.

    Problem is worsened by factors

    • Scarcity/erratic supply of essential medications
    • Uncontrolled distribution methods.
    • Significant price variations between genuine and counterfeit medications.
    • Lack of protection/enforcement of intellectual property rights
    • Corruption in the healthcare system

    Examples of dangerous counterfeit medications

    • 1995: 89 deaths in Haiti after contaminated cough syrup.

    • Between 20% and 90% of anti-malarial medications in multiple African countries failed quality testing.

    Counterfeit product types

    • Counterfeiting generally targets high-consumption, high-price medications.

    • Modern counterfeiting: targeting drugs for serious illnesses (anticancer, heart disease, anticholesterol, and antihypertensive drugs, psychiatric illnesses, general and local infections).

    International medical products anti-counterfeiting task force (IMPACT)

    • WHO launched IMPACT in 2006.

    • IMPACT is a task force to address drug/medicinal and medical device counterfeiting.

    • Aims to establish guidelines to help countries combat counterfeiting.

    Prescription

    • A written order from physicians to pharmacists.

    • Addresses the preparation and dispensing of medications.

    • Important communication/collaboration between physician, pharmacist, & patient.

    Typical prescription

    • Patient's name, address, date
    • Superscription
    • Inscription
    • Prescription body (includes required drug names, amounts, and often instructions).
    • Subscription (e.g., dosage instructions, frequency).
    • Transcription/signature.
    • Prescriber's identification (signature and address).

    Patient's name, address, and date

    • Preventing misuse and errors.

    • Legal requirements (especially for narcotics).

    • Important for determining proper dosing based on age, size, and illness.

    Superscription

    • Consists of the symbol Rx (Latin: "recipere"—take). 

    Inscription

    • The chief active medication.

    • Includes adjuvants, corrective, materials

    Subscription

    • Directives, for example, preparation methods of the medication (e.g. mixing/solution preparation).
    • Quantity of tablets/pills to dispence.

    Transcription/signature

    • Important details of the drug's application method.
    • Physicians often abbreviate Latin for medicine dispensing details.
    • Should be legible for transcription into the medication label.

    Prescriber's identity

    • Signature/address legally necessary for authenticating the order.

    Who can write prescriptions

    • Physicians
    • Veterinarians
    • Dentists

    Writing good prescriptions

    • Avoid decimal ambiguities
    • Prescribe dosages without unnecessary decimals (e.g., 5mL instead of 5.0mL).
    • Use correct abbreviations in dosages, and include times of day/meals for administration of medications.

    Legibility of prescriptions

    • Handwritten prescriptions are often difficult to read.

    • Patients should request clear, legible prescriptions.

    Types of prescription orders

    • Pre-compounded prescriptions

    • Extemporaneous/compounded prescriptions

    • Narcotic prescriptions: may require additional steps such as special records/filing requirements, according to local regulations, and proper documentation concerning controlled substances.

    Narcotic prescriptions

    • Name/address/registration number to the physician.
    • Date/name/address to the patient.
    • Written by ink/typewriter.
    • Quantities of substances listed using both words and numbers.

    Example of narcotic prescription (Page 164)

    • Includes information about the patient, the date, the medication, its dosage and quantity, the prescribing physician, as required.

    Checking drug compatibility

    • Some drugs affect the effects of others (increase/decrease/alter).
    • Drugs with drug interactions are known as incompatible drugs

    Drug incompatibility types.

    • Physical incompatibility (e.g., precipitation, complexation).

    • Chemical incompatibility (e.g., oxidation-reduction, acid-base reactions, hydrolysis).

    • Therapeutic incompatibility (e.g., drug synergism, drug antagonism, contraindication).

    Packaging

    • Selection based on the type, quantity and dispensing method for medication. 

    Types of containers

    • Prescription bottles
    • Dropper bottles
    • Applicator bottles
    • Ointment jars/collapsible tubes
    • Sifter top containers
    • Hinged lid containers
    • Aerosol containers

    Amber colored containers

    • Provide maximum protection against light-sensitive medication contents

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Orientations Pharmacy PDF

    More Like This

    Untitled Quiz
    37 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    WellReceivedSquirrel7948 avatar
    WellReceivedSquirrel7948
    Untitled Quiz
    55 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    StatuesquePrimrose avatar
    StatuesquePrimrose
    Untitled Quiz
    18 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    RighteousIguana avatar
    RighteousIguana
    Untitled Quiz
    50 questions

    Untitled Quiz

    JoyousSulfur avatar
    JoyousSulfur
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser