Untitled Quiz

A thin, fibrous sac that encases the heart, composed of two layers: visceral and parietal pericardium.

The inner layer of the pericardium that adheres to the epicardium (heart's outer layer).

The tough, outer layer of the pericardium that attaches to surrounding structures and supports the heart.

The space between the visceral and parietal pericardium, filled with fluid to reduce friction during heart contractions.

The muscular tissue forming the walls of the heart chambers.

The inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, composed of smooth epithelial cells.

Valves separating the atria from the ventricles, allowing blood flow in one direction only.

Valves located at the exit of ventricles, preventing backflow of blood into the heart.

The natural pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium. It initiates the heartbeat and determines the heart rate.

A cluster of cells in the heart that delays the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles, allowing the atria to contract first.

The process of a cell becoming more positive inside, due to the influx of positive ions like sodium and calcium.

The process of a cell returning to its resting state, becoming more negative inside, due to the outflow of positive ions like potassium.

The electrical signal that travels through the heart cells, initiating a heartbeat. It involves depolarization and repolarization phases.

Characteristic of atrial and ventricular heart cells, where depolarization is fast and driven mainly by sodium influx.

Characteristic of SA and AV node cells, where depolarization is slower and driven mainly by calcium influx.

The period during repolarization where the cell stays partially depolarized due to a balance between calcium influx and potassium efflux.

A high-pitched, snapping sound heard in early diastole, caused by the rapid opening of a stiff mitral valve.

A short, high-pitched sound heard immediately after S1 in early systole, caused by the opening of a stiff aortic or pulmonic valve.

A click heard in mid- to late systole caused by the displacement of a prolapsing mitral or tricuspid valve leaflet into the atrium.

A sound created by turbulent blood flow in the heart caused by various conditions.

A narrowed valve, a malfunctioning valve allowing backflow, a congenital defect in the ventricular wall, a defect between the aorta and pulmonary artery, or increased blood flow through a normal structure.

A harsh, grating sound heard during both systole and diastole, caused by inflamed pericardial surfaces rubbing together.

Use the diaphragm of the stethoscope with the patient sitting upright and leaning forward.

An opening snap occurs too late for an S2 and too early for an S3. It also has a high-pitched, snapping quality.

Coughing up blood, often a sign of respiratory issues or cardiovascular disorders.

Discontinuous, popping sounds heard during lung auscultation, indicating fluid in the alveoli.

Continuous, whistling sounds during breathing, often caused by narrowed airways.

An increase in jugular venous distension when pressure is applied to the liver, indicating potential heart failure.

Blood regulates body pH, temperature, and fluid balance. It helps maintain a constant internal environment.

The watery component of blood, containing dissolved substances and proteins, responsible for transporting nutrients, wastes, and hormones.

Biconcave discs, containing hemoglobin, responsible for oxygen transport.

Stem cells in the bone marrow that differentiate into various blood cells, including red blood cells.

A hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia). It stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

An immature red blood cell that still contains some ribosomes. A high number indicates increased red blood cell production.

A protein secreted by the stomach lining that binds to vitamin B12, protecting it from digestion and facilitating its absorption.

A yellow pigment produced from the breakdown of heme in red blood cells. It is excreted by the liver into bile.

A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

A protein on the surface of red blood cells that can be either positive (Rh+) or negative (Rh-).

White blood cells that contain granules in their cytoplasm, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

White blood cells that lack granules in their cytoplasm, including lymphocytes and monocytes.

A lymph node that is tender, hard, fixed, or enlarged, indicating a potential health issue requiring further investigation.

A lymph node that is painful to the touch, usually indicating inflammation.

A lymph node that is firm and unmovable, suggesting cancer.

Feeling the liver with your hands to assess its size and consistency.

A liver that extends beyond the normal rib border, suggesting potential disease.

An enlarged spleen, often due to underlying medical conditions.

Examining the skin for signs of blood disorders: pale skin, cyanosis, petechiae, and ecchymoses.

Abnormal widening and thickening of the fingertips, often associated with chronic anemia.