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Questions and Answers
What happens when both the SA node and the AV node fail in their pacemaker function?
What happens when both the SA node and the AV node fail in their pacemaker function?
Which phase of the cardiac action potential is characterized by the plateau due to calcium influx?
Which phase of the cardiac action potential is characterized by the plateau due to calcium influx?
During which phase does early cellular repolarization begin as potassium exits the intracellular space?
During which phase does early cellular repolarization begin as potassium exits the intracellular space?
What initiates the depolarization of the atrial and ventricular myocytes?
What initiates the depolarization of the atrial and ventricular myocytes?
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Which property differentiates the depolarization of the SA and AV node cells from that of myocytes?
Which property differentiates the depolarization of the SA and AV node cells from that of myocytes?
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What characterizes the resting phase of the cardiac action potential?
What characterizes the resting phase of the cardiac action potential?
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Which structure is involved in transmitting impulses to the Purkinje fibers in the ventricular myocardium?
Which structure is involved in transmitting impulses to the Purkinje fibers in the ventricular myocardium?
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Which phase of the cardiac action potential is marked by the completion of repolarization?
Which phase of the cardiac action potential is marked by the completion of repolarization?
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What distinguishes an opening snap from an S3 sound?
What distinguishes an opening snap from an S3 sound?
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What is the cause of a systolic click sound?
What is the cause of a systolic click sound?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to describe murmurs?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to describe murmurs?
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What is the primary function of the pericardium?
What is the primary function of the pericardium?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle can a friction rub be heard?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle can a friction rub be heard?
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Which heart chambers are responsible for receiving blood?
Which heart chambers are responsible for receiving blood?
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Where is an opening snap best heard using a stethoscope?
Where is an opening snap best heard using a stethoscope?
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What structure separates the left and right ventricles?
What structure separates the left and right ventricles?
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What causes a murmur to occur?
What causes a murmur to occur?
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What is a common reason for confusion between a friction rub and a murmur?
What is a common reason for confusion between a friction rub and a murmur?
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What type of valves separates the atria from the ventricles?
What type of valves separates the atria from the ventricles?
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What occurs during myocardial infarction?
What occurs during myocardial infarction?
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What condition may lead to the presence of murmurs during normal blood flow?
What condition may lead to the presence of murmurs during normal blood flow?
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Which layer of the heart is responsible for the heart's contraction?
Which layer of the heart is responsible for the heart's contraction?
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What function does the pericardial fluid serve?
What function does the pericardial fluid serve?
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Which part of the heart initiates the contraction sequence?
Which part of the heart initiates the contraction sequence?
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What is not a function of blood?
What is not a function of blood?
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Which component is not a characteristic of blood?
Which component is not a characteristic of blood?
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What is a common finding in patients with cardiac disorders?
What is a common finding in patients with cardiac disorders?
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Which of the following statements about plasma is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about plasma is incorrect?
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What do hemocytoblasts develop into after birth?
What do hemocytoblasts develop into after birth?
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Which organ synthesizes albumin and clotting factors?
Which organ synthesizes albumin and clotting factors?
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Red blood cells are characterized by which of the following?
Red blood cells are characterized by which of the following?
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Which physiological process is plasma NOT primarily involved in?
Which physiological process is plasma NOT primarily involved in?
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What does an abnormal lymph node presentation, such as being fixed or hard, typically suggest?
What does an abnormal lymph node presentation, such as being fixed or hard, typically suggest?
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How is the degree of liver enlargement measured?
How is the degree of liver enlargement measured?
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Which skin condition is a common indicator of red blood cell disorders?
Which skin condition is a common indicator of red blood cell disorders?
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Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia?
Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia?
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Where is the best location to assess color changes in individuals with dark skin?
Where is the best location to assess color changes in individuals with dark skin?
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What skin finding is most likely associated with bleeding disorders?
What skin finding is most likely associated with bleeding disorders?
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What is the function of intrinsic factor in relation to vitamin B12?
What is the function of intrinsic factor in relation to vitamin B12?
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What happens to RBCs after they live for 120 days?
What happens to RBCs after they live for 120 days?
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Which of the following is a key component of assessing the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is a key component of assessing the cardiovascular system?
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How is bilirubin processed after the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin?
How is bilirubin processed after the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin?
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What may cause a purple, mottled appearance on the skin, particularly in the face and fingers?
What may cause a purple, mottled appearance on the skin, particularly in the face and fingers?
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Which statement accurately reflects patients with hematologic disorders?
Which statement accurately reflects patients with hematologic disorders?
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How do blood types determine the compatibility in transfusions?
How do blood types determine the compatibility in transfusions?
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Which type of white blood cells are considered granular?
Which type of white blood cells are considered granular?
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What role do eosinophils play in the immune response?
What role do eosinophils play in the immune response?
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What is the primary function of T cells in the immune system?
What is the primary function of T cells in the immune system?
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Study Notes
Nursing Care of At-Risk and Sick Adult Clients
- This chapter provides an overview of cardiovascular and hematologic system anatomy and physiology, focusing on safe and appropriate care for at-risk and sick adult clients with oxygenation problems.
- The general objective is for students to understand appropriate nursing care for at-risk and sick adult clients with oxygenation alterations or problems.
Lesson 1: Overview of Anatomy and Physiology & The Nursing Process
- This lesson introduces significant concepts about the cardiovascular and hematologic systems.
- Assessment skills used in dealing with clients having cardiovascular and hematologic problems are highlighted.
Lesson Objectives
- Describe the cardiovascular and hematologic systems' parts and functions.
- Perform proper techniques to assess at-risk and sick adult clients.
- Differentiate normal and abnormal assessment findings.
- Identify major symptoms of cardiovascular and hematologic alterations.
Anatomy of the Heart
- The heart's function is to maintain homeostasis by pumping blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients, and remove waste.
- It is located in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
- The heart has three layers: endocardium (inner layer), myocardium (middle, muscular layer), and epicardium (outer layer).
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