Questions and Answers
What is used to find length or volume?
Rulers and measuring cylinders.
What is used to measure a variety of time intervals?
Clocks and digital timers.
How can you measure an average value for small distances or intervals, such as the period of oscillation of a pendulum?
By measuring multiples, measure a certain time and distance and divide until you get an average.
What is a scalar quantity?
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What is a vector quantity?
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Give 6 examples of scalar quantities.
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Give 7 examples of vector quantities.
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What is the resultant of two vectors at right angles?
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What is speed and its equation?
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What is velocity?
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What is the average speed equation?
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What is acceleration and its equation?
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What does an object at rest look like in a distance-time graph?
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What does an object moving with constant speed look like in a distance-time graph?
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What does an object accelerating look like in a distance-time graph?
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What does an object decelerating look like in a distance-time graph?
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What does an object at rest look like in a speed-time graph?
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What does an object moving with constant speed look like in a speed-time graph?
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What does an object at a constant acceleration look like in a speed-time graph?
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What does an object with changing acceleration look like in a speed-time graph?
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What does an object decelerating look like in a speed-time graph?
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How can speed be calculated in a distance-time graph?
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How can acceleration be calculated in a speed-time graph?
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How can distance be calculated in a speed-time graph?
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What is deceleration?
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What is the acceleration of free fall (g) of an object near the surface of the Earth?
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What is the motion of objects falling in the absence of air resistance?
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What is the motion of objects falling with fluid resistance?
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What is mass?
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What is weight?
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What is gravitational field strength and its equation?
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How can weights and masses be compared?
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What is density and its equation?
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How to determine the density of a liquid or regular-shaped solid?
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How to determine the density of an irregularly shaped solid?
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How can an object float?
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How can a liquid float on another liquid?
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Study Notes
Measurement Tools
- Rulers and measuring cylinders are used for finding length and volume.
- Clocks and digital timers measure various time intervals.
Average Measurements
- To determine an average value for small distances or time intervals, multiple measurements are made and divided for an average.
Scalar and Vector Quantities
- Scalar quantities have magnitude only (e.g., distance, speed, time, mass, energy, temperature).
- Vector quantities possess both magnitude and direction (e.g., force, weight, velocity, acceleration, momentum, field strength).
Vector Operations
- Calculate the resultant of two vectors at right angles using trigonometry or Pythagorean theorem.
Speed and Velocity
- Speed is defined as the distance travelled per unit time, with the formula v = s/t or s = d/t.
- Velocity refers to speed in a specific direction.
Average Speed
- Average speed calculated using total distance travelled divided by total time taken.
Acceleration
- Acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time, represented by the formula a = Δv/Δt.
Distance-Time Graphs
- A flat line indicates an object at rest.
- A straight positive diagonal represents constant speed.
- A positive upward curve shows an accelerating object.
- A curving plateau indicates an object is decelerating.
Speed-Time Graphs
- A horizontal line at the bottom indicates an object at rest.
- A horizontal line at any value shows constant speed.
- A straight positive diagonal indicates constant acceleration.
- Curves reveal changing acceleration; a straight negative diagonal shows deceleration.
Calculating Movement
- Speed in a distance-time graph is determined by the gradient.
- Acceleration in a speed-time graph is also calculated using the gradient.
- The area under a speed-time graph represents the distance travelled.
Acceleration Concepts
- Deceleration is defined as negative acceleration.
- The acceleration of free fall (g) near Earth's surface is approximately 9.8 m/s².
Falling Objects
- In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration, regardless of mass.
- Falling objects with fluid resistance experience a balance of forces leading to terminal velocity.
Mass and Weight
- Mass is the quantity of matter in an object, measured relative to an observer.
- Weight is the effect of gravitational force/field acting on a mass.
Gravitational Field Strength
- It is a force per unit mass, equal to the acceleration due to gravity, represented by the equation g = W/m.
Density Calculations
- Density is defined as mass per unit volume with the formula ρ = m/v.
- Determine the density of a liquid/regular solid by measuring mass and volume.
- Use liquid displacement to find the volume of an irregularly shaped solid.
Buoyancy
- An object floats if its density is less than the liquid it is in.
- A liquid can float on another liquid if its density is lower and the liquids are immiscible.
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Test your knowledge of key physics concepts with these flashcards based on the IGCSE Physics syllabus. Each card provides a term and its definition, enhancing your understanding of measurement tools and techniques. Ideal for revision and quick learning!