IGCSE Physics Syllabus 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is used to find length or volume?

Rulers and measuring cylinders.

What is used to measure a variety of time intervals?

Clocks and digital timers.

How can you measure an average value for small distances or intervals, such as the period of oscillation of a pendulum?

By measuring multiples, measure a certain time and distance and divide until you get an average.

What is a scalar quantity?

<p>A value with magnitude only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vector quantity?

<p>A value with both magnitude and direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give 6 examples of scalar quantities.

<p>Distance, speed, time, mass, energy, and temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give 7 examples of vector quantities.

<p>Force, weight, velocity, acceleration, momentum, electric/gravitational field strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resultant of two vectors at right angles?

<p>Use trigonometry or Pythagoras' theorem for values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is speed and its equation?

<p>Distance travelled per unit time; $v = s/t$ or $s = d/t$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is velocity?

<p>Speed in a given direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average speed equation?

<p>Total distance travelled divided by total time taken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is acceleration and its equation?

<p>Change in velocity per unit time; $a = rac{Δv}{Δt}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an object at rest look like in a distance-time graph?

<p>A flat line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an object moving with constant speed look like in a distance-time graph?

<p>A straight positive diagonal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an object accelerating look like in a distance-time graph?

<p>A positive upwards curve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an object decelerating look like in a distance-time graph?

<p>Curve plateauing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an object at rest look like in a speed-time graph?

<p>Horizontal line on the bottom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an object moving with constant speed look like in a speed-time graph?

<p>Horizontal line at any value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an object at a constant acceleration look like in a speed-time graph?

<p>Straight positive diagonal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an object with changing acceleration look like in a speed-time graph?

<p>Curve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an object decelerating look like in a speed-time graph?

<p>Straight negative diagonal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can speed be calculated in a distance-time graph?

<p>Gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can acceleration be calculated in a speed-time graph?

<p>Gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can distance be calculated in a speed-time graph?

<p>Area under graph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deceleration?

<p>A negative acceleration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acceleration of free fall (g) of an object near the surface of the Earth?

<p>9.8 m/s².</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the motion of objects falling in the absence of air resistance?

<p>Fall with the same acceleration, regardless of mass; the speed will increase at a steady rate (accelerate).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the motion of objects falling with fluid resistance?

<p>Will experience weight (gravity) and friction (air resistance). Initially, there are unbalanced forces as air resistance is small due to low speed; force of air resistance increases with speed until air resistance equals weight and forces are balanced (no resultant force); acceleration becomes zero and object moves at constant speed, terminal velocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mass?

<p>A measure of the quantity of matter in an object at rest relative to an observer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is weight?

<p>The effect of gravitational force/field on a mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gravitational field strength and its equation?

<p>A force per unit mass; $g = \frac{W}{m}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can weights and masses be compared?

<p>Using a balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is density and its equation?

<p>Mass per unit volume; $p = \frac{m}{v}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How to determine the density of a liquid or regular-shaped solid?

<p>Measure the mass by a balance and volume by calculation or using a measuring cylinder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How to determine the density of an irregularly shaped solid?

<p>Measure mass by a balance and volume by displacement of a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can an object float?

<p>If its density is less than the liquid it is in (e.g., water).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a liquid float on another liquid?

<p>If its density is less than the other liquid and they are immiscible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Measurement Tools

  • Rulers and measuring cylinders are used for finding length and volume.
  • Clocks and digital timers measure various time intervals.

Average Measurements

  • To determine an average value for small distances or time intervals, multiple measurements are made and divided for an average.

Scalar and Vector Quantities

  • Scalar quantities have magnitude only (e.g., distance, speed, time, mass, energy, temperature).
  • Vector quantities possess both magnitude and direction (e.g., force, weight, velocity, acceleration, momentum, field strength).

Vector Operations

  • Calculate the resultant of two vectors at right angles using trigonometry or Pythagorean theorem.

Speed and Velocity

  • Speed is defined as the distance travelled per unit time, with the formula v = s/t or s = d/t.
  • Velocity refers to speed in a specific direction.

Average Speed

  • Average speed calculated using total distance travelled divided by total time taken.

Acceleration

  • Acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time, represented by the formula a = Δv/Δt.

Distance-Time Graphs

  • A flat line indicates an object at rest.
  • A straight positive diagonal represents constant speed.
  • A positive upward curve shows an accelerating object.
  • A curving plateau indicates an object is decelerating.

Speed-Time Graphs

  • A horizontal line at the bottom indicates an object at rest.
  • A horizontal line at any value shows constant speed.
  • A straight positive diagonal indicates constant acceleration.
  • Curves reveal changing acceleration; a straight negative diagonal shows deceleration.

Calculating Movement

  • Speed in a distance-time graph is determined by the gradient.
  • Acceleration in a speed-time graph is also calculated using the gradient.
  • The area under a speed-time graph represents the distance travelled.

Acceleration Concepts

  • Deceleration is defined as negative acceleration.
  • The acceleration of free fall (g) near Earth's surface is approximately 9.8 m/s².

Falling Objects

  • In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration, regardless of mass.
  • Falling objects with fluid resistance experience a balance of forces leading to terminal velocity.

Mass and Weight

  • Mass is the quantity of matter in an object, measured relative to an observer.
  • Weight is the effect of gravitational force/field acting on a mass.

Gravitational Field Strength

  • It is a force per unit mass, equal to the acceleration due to gravity, represented by the equation g = W/m.

Density Calculations

  • Density is defined as mass per unit volume with the formula ρ = m/v.
  • Determine the density of a liquid/regular solid by measuring mass and volume.
  • Use liquid displacement to find the volume of an irregularly shaped solid.

Buoyancy

  • An object floats if its density is less than the liquid it is in.
  • A liquid can float on another liquid if its density is lower and the liquids are immiscible.

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Test your knowledge of key physics concepts with these flashcards based on the IGCSE Physics syllabus. Each card provides a term and its definition, enhancing your understanding of measurement tools and techniques. Ideal for revision and quick learning!

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