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Questions and Answers
What was the role of nursing during the Intuitive Period?
What was the role of nursing during the Intuitive Period?
The Intuitive Period of nursing was characterized by a formal education system.
The Intuitive Period of nursing was characterized by a formal education system.
False
What was trephining used for in the Intuitive Period?
What was trephining used for in the Intuitive Period?
To let out evil spirits
Which of the following was a common prehistoric medical practice?
Which of the following was a common prehistoric medical practice?
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What was the purpose of the Edwin Smith Papyrus?
What was the purpose of the Edwin Smith Papyrus?
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Who was the earliest known physician in Egypt?
Who was the earliest known physician in Egypt?
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What does Ayurveda mean?
What does Ayurveda mean?
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What was the main focus of Huangdi Neijing in Chinese medicine?
What was the main focus of Huangdi Neijing in Chinese medicine?
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The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus addresses women's health issues.
The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus addresses women's health issues.
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The __________ was a significant factor in the development of nursing during the Apprentice Period.
The __________ was a significant factor in the development of nursing during the Apprentice Period.
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Study Notes
Theoretical Foundation of Nursing
- Defines and explains nursing care through testable statements based on facts or events.
Evolution of Nursing
- Divided into four key periods: Intuitive, Apprentice, Educational, Contemporary.
Intuitive Period (Primitive Era - 6th Century)
- Nursing was instinctive, often performed by women without formal training.
- Healthcare largely involved comforting the sick and addressing needs based on intuition.
- Illness was believed to result from evil spirits invading the body, treated by shamans or witch doctors.
- Trephining involved cutting a hole in the skull to release evil spirits.
- Music and singing were commonly used to ward off spirits during treatment.
Prehistoric Medical Practices
- Mercury was historically used in medicine but is now known as a poison.
- Bloodletting with leeches aimed to cure ailments by removing blood.
- Lobotomies were developed in the mid-20th century to treat mental disorders.
- Heroin was marketed as a non-addictive cough syrup in the late 1800s.
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was used to treat severe mental health conditions.
- Cannibalistic practices involved using ground skulls for treatments.
- Radium water sold in the early 1900s was believed to cure mental illness and prevent aging.
- Plombage was a method that involved inserting materials into the chest to treat tuberculosis.
- Peg legs served as early artificial limbs.
- The whirling chair was used to induce unconsciousness in patients as a treatment.
- Arsenic was historically prescribed for arthritis and diabetes.
- "Stink therapy" involved using unpleasant odors for medicinal purposes.
Contributions to Medicine by Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia
- No clear distinction between magic and rational science in healthcare.
- Asipu acted as the medical authority, while exorcists served as healers.
Ancient Egypt
- Established a public health system, emphasizing preventive care.
- Edwin Smith Papyrus served as an ancient surgical textbook.
- The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus addressed women's health issues.
- King Djoser recognized as the earliest known physician.
- Peeshet noted as the first recorded woman physician.
India
- Atharvaveda contained ancient medicinal texts.
- Ayurveda referred to as "Complete knowledge for long life."
- Charaka and Sushruta authored significant medical texts, detailing various surgical procedures.
China
- Huangdi Neijing, a foundational text of Chinese medicine, influenced practices like acupuncture.
Greece and Roman Empire
- Focused on wound treatment; illness seen as a sign of weakness.
- Care for the sick was primarily entrusted to slaves or Greek physicians, both viewed as inferior.
Apprentice Period (6th Century - 18th Century)
- Featured on-the-job training without formal education in nursing.
- Religious orders, particularly nuns, played a significant role in early nursing.
- Kaiserswerth Institute was established for the training of Deaconesses.
Religious Wars
- Holy Wars, notably the Crusades, were fought over religious differences, aiming to reclaim the Holy Land from Turkish control.
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