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Development Concepts

• Development: Continuous change from conception through lifespan, including physical, cognitive, and socioemotional aspects.
• Life-Span Perspective: Emphasizes that development is lifelong, multidimensional, and contextual, involving growth, maintenance, and loss regulation.

Influences on Development

• Normative Age-Graded Influences: Similar biological events (e.g., puberty, menopause) impacting individuals in specific age groups.
• Normative History-Graded Influences: Events from historical contexts affecting a generation (e.g., Baby Boomers and significant historical events).
• Nonnormative Life Events: Unique occurrences that significantly influence an individual's life trajectory.

Culture and Diversity

• Culture: Collective behaviors, beliefs, and products transmitted across generations.
• Cross-Cultural Studies: Comparisons of characteristics among multiple cultures.
• Ethnicity: Defined by cultural heritage, nationality, race, and language.

Socioeconomic and Gender Factors

• Socioeconomic Status: An individual's societal position based on job, education, and economic factors.
• Gender: Defined by characteristics attributed to being male or female.

Research Methods

• Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in natural settings without intervention.
• Correlation Research: Examines the strength of relationships between variables.
• Cross-Sectional Approach: Evaluates different age groups simultaneously.
• Longitudinal Approach: Studies the same individuals over time for changes.

Theoretical Frameworks

• Psychoanalytic Theories: Focus on unconscious processes driven by emotions.
• Erikson's Theory: Outlines eight developmental stages throughout life.
• Piaget's Theory: Highlights four cognitive development stages in children.
• Vygotsky's Theory: Stresses the role of culture and social interaction in cognitive development.
• Evolutionary Psychology: Focuses on adaptation, reproduction, and behavior survival mechanisms.

Genetic and Biological Foundations

• Chromosomes: Structures made of DNA that carry genetic information.
• Genes: Units of hereditary information affecting traits.
• Mitosis and Meiosis: Processes of cellular reproduction and gamete formation, respectively.
• Epigenetic View: Development results from the interaction between genetics and environment.

Prenatal Development Stages

• Germinal Period: First two weeks after conception.
• Embryonic Period: 2-8 weeks post-conception, critical organ development.
• Fetal Period: Lasts approximately seven months, concluding with birth.

Childbirth and Neonatal Assessment

• Natural Childbirth: Drug-free method focused on pain management.
• Apgar Scale: An assessment tool for newborns at one and five minutes after birth.
• Postpartum Period: Approximately six weeks post-delivery, where the mother's body adjusts.

Motor and Sensory Development

• Cephalocaudal Pattern: Growth sequence from head to toe.
• Proximodistal Pattern: Growth from the center of the body to extremities.
• Fine Motor Skills: Involve precise movements.
• Sensation and Perception: Processes for receiving and interpreting sensory information.

Cognitive Development

• Schemas: Mental frameworks that organize knowledge.
• Assimilation and Accommodation: Processes through which children integrate new information (assimilation) or modify existing frameworks (accommodation).
• Equilibrium: Mechanism for transitioning between cognitive stages.
• Object Permanence: Understanding that objects exist even when not visible.

Emotional and Social Development

• Temperament: Individual differences in emotional responses and behavior.
• Attachment Styles: Securely attached infants use caregivers as a base, while insecurely attached infants may avoid or resist closeness.
• Separation Protest: Crying when separated from caregivers.
• Social Referencing: Reading emotional cues in others to guide behavior.

Language Acquisition

• Language Acquisition Device: Innate ability that facilitates language development in children.
• Telegraphic Speech: Early speech that consists of short, essential words but lacks grammatical elements.

Cognitive and Memory Processes

• Implicit vs. Explicit Memory: Implicit memory occurs unconsciously, while explicit memory refers to conscious recollection of facts and experiences.
• Attention: Focusing mental resources enhances cognitive processing across tasks.

Research Techniques in Development

• Strange Situation: An observational study assessing infant attachment through interactions with caregivers and strangers.