Questions and Answers
What is the definition of development?
What does the life-span perspective view development as?
What are normative age-graded influences?
Similar for individuals in a particular age group, e.g. puberty and menopause.
What are nonnormative life events?
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Define culture.
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What does socioeconomic status refer to?
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What is the purpose of the Apgar scale?
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What is naturalistic observation?
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What is object permanence?
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What is the definition of temperament?
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What is the dynamic systems theory?
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What is social referencing?
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What does the theory of evolution emphasize?
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Define 'attachment'.
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What is an 'easy child'?
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What is a 'difficult child'?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Development Concepts
- Development: Continuous change from conception through lifespan, including physical, cognitive, and socioemotional aspects.
- Life-Span Perspective: Emphasizes that development is lifelong, multidimensional, and contextual, involving growth, maintenance, and loss regulation.
Influences on Development
- Normative Age-Graded Influences: Similar biological events (e.g., puberty, menopause) impacting individuals in specific age groups.
- Normative History-Graded Influences: Events from historical contexts affecting a generation (e.g., Baby Boomers and significant historical events).
- Nonnormative Life Events: Unique occurrences that significantly influence an individual's life trajectory.
Culture and Diversity
- Culture: Collective behaviors, beliefs, and products transmitted across generations.
- Cross-Cultural Studies: Comparisons of characteristics among multiple cultures.
- Ethnicity: Defined by cultural heritage, nationality, race, and language.
Socioeconomic and Gender Factors
- Socioeconomic Status: An individual's societal position based on job, education, and economic factors.
- Gender: Defined by characteristics attributed to being male or female.
Research Methods
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in natural settings without intervention.
- Correlation Research: Examines the strength of relationships between variables.
- Cross-Sectional Approach: Evaluates different age groups simultaneously.
- Longitudinal Approach: Studies the same individuals over time for changes.
Theoretical Frameworks
- Psychoanalytic Theories: Focus on unconscious processes driven by emotions.
- Erikson's Theory: Outlines eight developmental stages throughout life.
- Piaget's Theory: Highlights four cognitive development stages in children.
- Vygotsky's Theory: Stresses the role of culture and social interaction in cognitive development.
- Evolutionary Psychology: Focuses on adaptation, reproduction, and behavior survival mechanisms.
Genetic and Biological Foundations
- Chromosomes: Structures made of DNA that carry genetic information.
- Genes: Units of hereditary information affecting traits.
- Mitosis and Meiosis: Processes of cellular reproduction and gamete formation, respectively.
- Epigenetic View: Development results from the interaction between genetics and environment.
Prenatal Development Stages
- Germinal Period: First two weeks after conception.
- Embryonic Period: 2-8 weeks post-conception, critical organ development.
- Fetal Period: Lasts approximately seven months, concluding with birth.
Childbirth and Neonatal Assessment
- Natural Childbirth: Drug-free method focused on pain management.
- Apgar Scale: An assessment tool for newborns at one and five minutes after birth.
- Postpartum Period: Approximately six weeks post-delivery, where the mother's body adjusts.
Motor and Sensory Development
- Cephalocaudal Pattern: Growth sequence from head to toe.
- Proximodistal Pattern: Growth from the center of the body to extremities.
- Fine Motor Skills: Involve precise movements.
- Sensation and Perception: Processes for receiving and interpreting sensory information.
Cognitive Development
- Schemas: Mental frameworks that organize knowledge.
- Assimilation and Accommodation: Processes through which children integrate new information (assimilation) or modify existing frameworks (accommodation).
- Equilibrium: Mechanism for transitioning between cognitive stages.
- Object Permanence: Understanding that objects exist even when not visible.
Emotional and Social Development
- Temperament: Individual differences in emotional responses and behavior.
- Attachment Styles: Securely attached infants use caregivers as a base, while insecurely attached infants may avoid or resist closeness.
- Separation Protest: Crying when separated from caregivers.
- Social Referencing: Reading emotional cues in others to guide behavior.
Language Acquisition
- Language Acquisition Device: Innate ability that facilitates language development in children.
- Telegraphic Speech: Early speech that consists of short, essential words but lacks grammatical elements.
Cognitive and Memory Processes
- Implicit vs. Explicit Memory: Implicit memory occurs unconsciously, while explicit memory refers to conscious recollection of facts and experiences.
- Attention: Focusing mental resources enhances cognitive processing across tasks.
Research Techniques in Development
- Strange Situation: An observational study assessing infant attachment through interactions with caregivers and strangers.
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