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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of development?

The physical appearance of an individual over time

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human lifespan (correct)

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and ends with old age

The ability to adapt to new environments

What does the life-span perspective view development as?

A series of random events

Lifelong, multidimensional, multi-directional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual (correct)

A static process

Restricted to childhood and adolescence

What are normative age-graded influences?

Similar for individuals in a particular age group, e.g. puberty and menopause.

What are nonnormative life events?

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the individual's life. Signup and view all the answers

Define culture.

Encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people. Signup and view all the answers

What does socioeconomic status refer to?

A person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Apgar scale?

To assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. Signup and view all the answers

What is naturalistic observation?

Observing behavior in a real-life setting without manipulating or controlling the situation. Signup and view all the answers

What is object permanence?

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of temperament?

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dynamic systems theory?

Infants assemble motor skills from perceiving and acting Signup and view all the answers

What is social referencing?

Involves 'reading' emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of evolution emphasize?

The importance of adaptation, reproduction, and 'survival of the fittest' in shaping behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'attachment'.

The enduring emotional bond between caregivers and their children. Signup and view all the answers

What is an 'easy child'?

A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'difficult child'?

A child who reacts negatively, cries frequently, and is slow to accept change. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Mitosis = Cellular reproduction process Meiosis = Cellular division that forms gametes Genotype = All of a person's genetic material Phenotype = Observable characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Development Concepts

Development: Continuous change from conception through lifespan, including physical, cognitive, and socioemotional aspects.
Life-Span Perspective: Emphasizes that development is lifelong, multidimensional, and contextual, involving growth, maintenance, and loss regulation.

Influences on Development

Normative Age-Graded Influences: Similar biological events (e.g., puberty, menopause) impacting individuals in specific age groups.
Normative History-Graded Influences: Events from historical contexts affecting a generation (e.g., Baby Boomers and significant historical events).
Nonnormative Life Events: Unique occurrences that significantly influence an individual's life trajectory.

Culture and Diversity

Culture: Collective behaviors, beliefs, and products transmitted across generations.
Cross-Cultural Studies: Comparisons of characteristics among multiple cultures.
Ethnicity: Defined by cultural heritage, nationality, race, and language.

Socioeconomic and Gender Factors

Socioeconomic Status: An individual's societal position based on job, education, and economic factors.
Gender: Defined by characteristics attributed to being male or female.

Research Methods

Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in natural settings without intervention.
Correlation Research: Examines the strength of relationships between variables.
Cross-Sectional Approach: Evaluates different age groups simultaneously.
Longitudinal Approach: Studies the same individuals over time for changes.

Theoretical Frameworks

Psychoanalytic Theories: Focus on unconscious processes driven by emotions.
Erikson's Theory: Outlines eight developmental stages throughout life.
Piaget's Theory: Highlights four cognitive development stages in children.
Vygotsky's Theory: Stresses the role of culture and social interaction in cognitive development.
Evolutionary Psychology: Focuses on adaptation, reproduction, and behavior survival mechanisms.

Genetic and Biological Foundations

Chromosomes: Structures made of DNA that carry genetic information.
Genes: Units of hereditary information affecting traits.
Mitosis and Meiosis: Processes of cellular reproduction and gamete formation, respectively.
Epigenetic View: Development results from the interaction between genetics and environment.

Prenatal Development Stages

Germinal Period: First two weeks after conception.
Embryonic Period: 2-8 weeks post-conception, critical organ development.
Fetal Period: Lasts approximately seven months, concluding with birth.

Childbirth and Neonatal Assessment

Natural Childbirth: Drug-free method focused on pain management.
Apgar Scale: An assessment tool for newborns at one and five minutes after birth.
Postpartum Period: Approximately six weeks post-delivery, where the mother's body adjusts.

Motor and Sensory Development

Cephalocaudal Pattern: Growth sequence from head to toe.
Proximodistal Pattern: Growth from the center of the body to extremities.
Fine Motor Skills: Involve precise movements.
Sensation and Perception: Processes for receiving and interpreting sensory information.

Cognitive Development

Schemas: Mental frameworks that organize knowledge.
Assimilation and Accommodation: Processes through which children integrate new information (assimilation) or modify existing frameworks (accommodation).
Equilibrium: Mechanism for transitioning between cognitive stages.
Object Permanence: Understanding that objects exist even when not visible.

Temperament: Individual differences in emotional responses and behavior.
Attachment Styles: Securely attached infants use caregivers as a base, while insecurely attached infants may avoid or resist closeness.
Separation Protest: Crying when separated from caregivers.
Social Referencing: Reading emotional cues in others to guide behavior.

Language Acquisition

Language Acquisition Device: Innate ability that facilitates language development in children.
Telegraphic Speech: Early speech that consists of short, essential words but lacks grammatical elements.

Cognitive and Memory Processes

Implicit vs. Explicit Memory: Implicit memory occurs unconsciously, while explicit memory refers to conscious recollection of facts and experiences.
Attention: Focusing mental resources enhances cognitive processing across tasks.