Identifying Premise and Conclusion Indicators Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is deductive reasoning?

  • Drawing a conclusion based on personal beliefs
  • Drawing a conclusion based on anecdotal evidence
  • Drawing a conclusion based on emotions
  • Drawing a conclusion based on generally accepted facts (correct)

Why is it essential for premises in a deductive argument to be true?

  • To confuse the audience
  • To guarantee the truth of the conclusion (correct)
  • To make the argument interesting
  • To add complexity to the argument

What is the mathematical essence of a deductive argument?

  • A > B, B = C, so A > C
  • A = B, B > C, so A < C
  • A < B, B = C, so A < C
  • A = B, B = C, so A = C (correct)

What happens if one rejects the conclusion of a correctly formulated deductive argument while accepting the truth of the premises?

<p>They are rejecting logic itself (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does deduction in argumentation involve?

<p>Starting from general premises and drawing a specific conclusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of providing premises in an argument?

<p>To establish the truth of the conclusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of arguments, what role do premises play?

<p>To serve as evidence for the conclusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a standard form argument differentiate between the premise and the conclusion?

<p>By clearly showing how the premise supports the conclusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of an argument that aims to show why its conclusion is true?

<p>To provide an explanation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some arguments aim to establish the truth of a conclusion rather than why it is true?

<p>To convince someone of a fact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an explanation from a standard argument?

<p>The focus on proving a fact rather than why it is true (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to determine whether an argument is present?

<p>Asking if someone is trying to establish or explain a statement based on another statement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common premise indicator in the text?

<p>Therefore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't occurrences of 'since' and 'so' in sentences always indicate an argument is being made?

<p>Because their usage can vary, and not every occurrence signifies an argument. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about identifying arguments using premise and conclusion indicators?

<p>Understanding English sentences is crucial to accurately determine if arguments are present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should one do if they want to establish a statement as true based on another statement?

<p>Rely on the English sentence structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sentences does NOT contain an argument based on another statement?

<p>'She was so tired after work.' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deductive Reasoning

Concluding based on generally accepted facts.

Premises in Deductive Arguments

Must be true to ensure the conclusion is true.

Mathematical Essence of Deductive Arguments

Expressed as A = B, B = C, therefore A = C.

Rejecting Conclusion and Accepting Premises

Rejecting logic if one accepts true premises but denies the conclusion.

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Deduction in Argumentation

Involves general premises leading to a specific conclusion.

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Purpose of Premises in an Argument

To establish the truth of the conclusion.

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Role of Premises in Arguments

Act as evidence supporting the conclusion.

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Standard Form Argument Structure

Differentiates premise and conclusion clearly.

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Goal of Arguments for Truth

To provide explanations for why conclusions are true.

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Establishing Truth of Conclusion

Some arguments simply aim to convince of a fact.

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Distinction of Explanation vs Standard Argument

Focuses on proving a fact rather than exploring why it is true.

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Identifying Presence of Arguments

Ask if someone establishes or explains based on statements.

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Common Premise Indicators

Words like 'since' or 'because' indicate premises, but 'therefore' does not.

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Variability of 'Since' and 'So'

Not every usage of these words signals an argument's presence.

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Identifying Arguments with Indicators

Understanding English is key to find arguments accurately.

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Establishing Truth Based on Statements

Require the use of English sentence structure to support truth.

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Sentence without Argument

Example: 'She was so tired after work.' does not argue based on another statement.

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Study Notes

Identifying Arguments

  • Premise indicators: since, therefore, because, so, for, hence, as, thus, given that, implies that, seeing that, consequently, for the reason that, it follows that
  • Conclusion indicators: so, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, it follows that
  • Not all sentences with these indicators are arguments; understanding of the sentence is necessary to determine if an argument is present
  • Ask: Is there a statement someone is trying to establish as true or explain why it is true by basing it on some other statement?

Arguments and Explanations

  • Arguments: statements with premises providing reasons (support, evidence) for accepting the conclusion
  • Goal of an argument: to establish that the conclusion is true
  • Example: citing studies from CDC and NIH to establish that obesity rates are rising in the U.S.
  • Standard form: clearly distinguishes premise from conclusion, showing how the conclusion is supported by the premise

Explanations

  • Goal of an explanation: to establish why a statement or claim is true, not just that it is true
  • Example: Socrates was a man, all men are mortal, therefore Socrates was mortal
  • Essence of the argument: if A=B, and B=C, then A=C
  • Deductive reasoning: starting from general premises, drawing a specific conclusion containing no more information than the premises
  • Correctly formulated deductive argument: if premises are true, the conclusion must be true; rejecting the conclusion means rejecting logic

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