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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of Bergey's Manual?
What is the purpose of Bergey's Manual?
- To explain the process of staining and biochemical tests
- To classify and identify microorganisms (correct)
- To differentiate between culture, clone, and strain
- To provide universal names for organisms
Which domain includes organisms with prokaryotic cells?
Which domain includes organisms with prokaryotic cells?
- Virus
- Bacteria (correct)
- Eukarya
- Archaea
What distinguishes taxonomy from phylogeny?
What distinguishes taxonomy from phylogeny?
- Taxonomy uses rRNA sequencing, phylogeny uses staining tests
- Taxonomy provides universal names, phylogeny shows evolutionary relationships (correct)
- Taxonomy focuses on evolution, phylogeny on classification
- Taxonomy divides organisms into kingdoms, phylogeny classifies by domains
How can a newly discovered microbe be classified by DNA fingerprinting?
How can a newly discovered microbe be classified by DNA fingerprinting?
Which method can be used to identify an unknown bacterium through recognition of specific proteins?
Which method can be used to identify an unknown bacterium through recognition of specific proteins?
What does a dichotomous key aim to achieve in microbiology classification?
What does a dichotomous key aim to achieve in microbiology classification?
Which method is NOT suitable for identifying microorganisms based on genetic information?
Which method is NOT suitable for identifying microorganisms based on genetic information?
What is the main focus of phage typing in microbiology identification?
What is the main focus of phage typing in microbiology identification?
In microbiology, what does rRNA sequencing primarily help determine?
In microbiology, what does rRNA sequencing primarily help determine?
What information does DNA fingerprinting provide for the classification of microorganisms?
What information does DNA fingerprinting provide for the classification of microorganisms?
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Study Notes
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
- Taxonomy: Science of classifying organisms, providing universal names for organisms
- Taxonomic categories: Taxon / Taxa
- Phylogeny or Systematics: Evolutionary history of a group of organisms
- Taxonomic hierarchy shows phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships among organisms
- In 1969, living organisms were divided into five kingdoms
- In 1978, two types of prokaryotic cells were found, and their relationships were determined by rRNA sequencing
Classification of Microorganisms
- The three-domain system: Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
- Eubacteria: also known as "virtuosos"
- Archaea: also known as "weirdoes"
- Eukarya: also known as "predators and thieves"
- Scientific naming: binomial nomenclature (genus + specific epithet) is used worldwide
- Examples of scientific names:
- Escherichia coli
- Homo sapiens
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Pfiesteria piscicida
- Salmonella typhimurium
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Penicillium chrysogenum
- Trypanosoma cruzi
Identification of Microorganisms
- Bergey's Manual: provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea
- Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology: focuses on morphology, differential staining, and biochemical tests
- Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: focuses on phylogenetic information, based on rRNA sequencing
- Clinical laboratory identification methods:
- Morphological characteristics
- Numerical and rapid identification
- Differential staining (e.g. Gram staining, acid-fast staining)
- Biochemical tests (determines presence of bacterial enzymes)
- Serological tests:
- Involve reactions of microorganisms with specific antibodies
- Useful in determining the identity of strains and species, as well as relationships among organisms
- Examples: slide agglutination, ELISA, Western blot
- Phage typing: determines the susceptibility of bacteria to various phages
- Other identification methods:
- Ribotyping
- DNA fingerprinting
- PCR
- Nucleic acid hybridization
- DNA chips
- FISH
Species Definition
- Eukaryotic species: a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves
- Prokaryotic species: a population of cells with similar characteristics (Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is the standard reference on bacterial classification)
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