30 Questions
According to the text, why is identification evidence considered dangerous?
Because it is often inaccurate
What is one of the reasons why DNA analysis is valuable in criminal investigations?
It can link a person to a crime with a high degree of certainty
What was the average length of time served by individuals who were exonerated through DNA analysis?
14 years
Which type of identification procedure involves constructing facial composites based on witness descriptions?
Mugshot searches
In which jurisdiction are photo lineups most commonly used?
NSW
What is the typical number of people in a lineup in the US?
6
What did the 'White Paper' by Wells et al (1998) recommend in relation to identification procedures?
Blind procedure, matching foils to perpetrator description, measuring confidence, and using sequential lineups
According to the text, what percentage of misidentification cases in DNA exoneration cases involved an in-person lineup?
34%
Based on the text, what percentage of misidentification cases in DNA exoneration cases involved a misidentification from a photo array?
52%
According to the text, what percentage of misidentification cases in DNA exoneration cases involved a voice misidentification?
2%
Based on the text, what percentage of misidentification cases in DNA exoneration cases involved a misidentification through hypnosis?
2%
Which lineup system did Malpass argue is better unless certain conditions are met?
Simultaneous lineups
According to Gronland et al (2014), what does sequential lineup do in terms of bias and sensitivity?
Increases bias but does not increase sensitivity
What were the results of the AJS trial conducted by Wells et al (2015) comparing sequential and simultaneous lineups?
More suspect identifications in simultaneous lineups
According to Wixted and Wells (2017), when does the relationship between confidence and accuracy in suspect identifications break down?
In non-pristine lineups
What is the average age of exonerees at the time of their wrongful convictions?
27 years
How many exonerees have been financially compensated?
288
How many DNA exoneration cases have the true suspects and/or perpetrators been identified in?
165
How many violent offenses, including murders and sexual assaults, were committed by true offenders while an innocent person was in prison?
154 violent offences, including 36 murders and 163 sexual assaults
What is the significance of DNA analysis in criminal investigations?
DNA analysis in criminal investigations has been instrumental in both linking individuals to crimes with a high degree of certainty and proving the innocence of wrongfully convicted inmates.
What insights can be gained from cases of DNA exoneration?
Cases of DNA exoneration provide valuable insights into the dangers of various forms of evidence, including the potential inaccuracies of eyewitness identification.
Can you provide an example of a DNA exoneration case?
One example of a DNA exoneration case is the case of Kirk Bloodsworth, who was wrongfully convicted based on the identification of multiple eyewitnesses and later exonerated through DNA analysis.
According to Malpass (2006), when is the simultaneous lineup system considered better than the sequential lineup system?
a) when more weight is placed on avoiding false identifications than convicting the guilty
What were the results of the AJS trial conducted by Wells et al (2015) comparing sequential and simultaneous lineups?
Suspect identified in 25% of cases (same for Seq and Sim), but Seq resulted in fewer identifications of foils (11% vs 18%)
According to Wixted and Wells (2017), what are 'pristine lineups'?
initial, uncontaminated memory tests using fair lineups, with no lineup administrator influence, and with an immediate confidence statement
According to Katzman and Bull Kovera (2023), what did their meta-analysis of the cross-race effect suggest as a possible explanation for racial disparities in wrongful conviction data?
differences in the evidence that police have against suspects before placing them in an ID procedure
According to the text, what are the four types of identification procedures?
Mugshot searches, Showups, Line-ups/ID parades, Voice and other non-facial Identifications
What is the difference between physical size and functional size in a lineup?
Physical size refers to the actual number of people in the lineup, while functional size refers to the number of individuals that match the description of the perpetrator or suspect.
What are the five recommendations made in the "White Paper" by Wells et al (1998) regarding identification procedures?
- Blind procedure - officer should not know identity of suspect, 2. Witnesses told that person "may or may not be present" and that is a blind procedure, 3. Foils should be matched to description of perpetrator and suspect should not stand out, 4. Measure confidence at time of identification, 5. Simultaneous and sequential lineups
What is the difference between simultaneous and sequential lineups?
In a simultaneous lineup, the witness sees all members at the same time, while in a sequential lineup, the witness sees each person just once and must make a yes/no decision before moving on.
Test your knowledge on identification procedures used by law enforcement and legal professionals with this quiz. Explore topics such as mugshot searches, showups, line-ups, and more. Perfect for police officers, psychologists, and anyone interested in the cross race effect, weapon focus, and other factors that influence eyewitness identification.
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