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Questions and Answers
Which type of authentication involves something you know?
Passwords are considered the strongest form of authentication.
False
What is an example of Type 3 Authentication?
Biometrics (e.g., fingerprint, iris scan)
Secret questions as knowledge factors are often _____ examples because they can be easily researched.
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Match the following types of authentication with their definitions:
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What is a common characteristic of weak passwords?
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Key stretching adds time to password verification to prevent brute-force attacks.
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Name one strategy to enhance password security.
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What is a key limitation of brute force attacks when it comes to one-time pads?
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Clipping levels are used to prevent users from guessing passwords by restricting logins.
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What is the minimum password length recommended by the U.S. Department of Defense?
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A single-use password is also known as a _____ in online banking.
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Match the following password management terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a possession factor in Type 2 authentication?
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Single-use passwords are considered very convenient by most users.
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How long is an account typically locked after too many failed login attempts?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of biometric authentication?
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Behavioral characteristics used in biometrics are permanent and never change.
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Name one potential health issue that can be revealed through biometric authentication.
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Biometric data collection can be more invasive, particularly when it involves __________.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of contactless cards?
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Match the following biometric methods with their characteristics:
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What is a major issue with biometric authentication?
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HOTP stands for HMAC-based One-Time Password.
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What does FRR stand for in biometric authentication?
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The U.S. Office of Personnel Management suffered a data breach involving biometric data.
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Biometric identifiers are categorized as physiological and __________ characteristics.
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Biometric authentication can be compromised by __________ of the individual's features.
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Match the following types of cards with their characteristics:
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The Crossover Error Rate (CER) represents which of the following?
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Contact cards can only be credit cards.
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What are examples of something you are in authentication methods?
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What is the main principle of the Least Privilege access control concept?
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Mandatory Access Control (MAC) assigns access based on user identity alone.
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What does RBAC stand for in access control?
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Access control that uses labels to assign permissions based on clearance is known as _____ .
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Which method of access control is often used when confidentiality is most important?
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Define the term 'Need to Know' in access control.
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Match the access control method with its primary focus:
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Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) is a policy-neutral access control mechanism.
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Study Notes
Identification and Authentication
- Identification establishes the user’s identity through factors like name, username, or ID number.
- Authentication confirms identity with multi-factor methods for better security.
Authentication Types
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Type 1 (Knowledge Factors): Use something known (e.g., passwords, PINs).
- Most common form; weakest due to vulnerability to compromise.
- Ensure passwords are complex (14+ characters, include numbers and symbols).
- Password policies include expiration dates and limits on reuse to enhance security.
- Secret questions are often poorly chosen and can be easily researched.
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Type 2 (Possession Factors): Use something possessed (e.g., ID cards, tokens).
- Forms of possession include credit cards and smart cards.
- Single-use passwords enhance security but may be inconvenient for users.
- Magnetic stripe cards are easy to duplicate; smart cards use integrated circuits.
- Tokens can be hardware or software-based, with HOTP and TOTP protocols.
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Type 3 (Biometric Factors): Use unique biological traits (e.g., fingerprints, facial recognition).
- More secure but can have false acceptance/rejection issues.
- Biometric systems must balance false rejection rate (FRR) and false acceptance rate (FAR) to achieve a crossover error rate (CER).
- Physiological characteristics are stable, while behavioral characteristics may change.
Issues with Biometric Authentication
- Biometric data can expose sensitive information about health and identity, raising privacy concerns.
- Attacks can involve duplicating biometric traits from images or recordings.
- Lost passwords or ID cards can be replaced; compromised biometrics cannot.
Authorization
- Authorization determines what information users can access.
- Implement access control models based on security goals, including Least Privilege and Need to Know principles.
Access Control Models
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Discretionary Access Control (DAC):
- Object owners assign permissions at their discretion; common in file systems.
- Utilizes Discretionary ACLs (DACLs) based on user identification.
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Mandatory Access Control (MAC):
- Access is based on labels and classifications; prioritizes confidentiality.
- Requires user's clearance level to surpass the object's security label.
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Role-Based Access Control (RBAC):
- Access is based on user roles, simplifying management of permissions within large organizations.
- Enforces separation of duties to prevent privilege creep.
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Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC):
- Combines user, object, and environmental attributes to determine access.
- Offers flexibility in access management based on dynamic conditions.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of Identification and Authentication, including the different types and levels of authentication, as well as the importance of multi-factor authentication. Explore how personal information and various authentication methods contribute to secure online identity management.