Ideal Solutions in Chemistry
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Questions and Answers

What is the mass of water in grams if the volume is 1000 mL and the density is 1?

  • 1000 g (correct)
  • 100 g
  • 2000 g
  • 500 g

    • What is the unit of molality?

  • moles per kilogram (correct)
  • kilograms per mole
  • moles per liter
  • liters per mole

    • What is the freezing point depression of a solution proportional to?

  • molecular weight of the solute
  • concentration of the solute (correct)
  • density of the solvent
  • volume of the solvent

    • What is the unit of Kf, the molal freezing point depression constant of water?

    <p>ºC/mol/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding a solute to a solvent on the freezing point?

    <p>it decreases the freezing point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of ΔTf if the molal freezing point depression constant of water is -1.86 ºC and the molality of the solute is 0.28?

    <p>-0.143 ºC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an ideal solution?

    <p>The components have similar chemical structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the formation of an ideal solution?

    <p>No heat is given out or absorbed, and the total volume is the sum of the component volumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the vapour pressure of a liquid and its mole fraction in an ideal solution?

    <p>The vapour pressure of the liquid is directly proportional to its mole fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature and pressure can three phases co-exist in equilibrium?

    <p>0.0098 oC and 4.58 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the intermolecular forces between the components of an ideal solution?

    <p>The intermolecular forces between A and A, B and B, and A and B are the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the temperature or pressure is altered slightly from the equilibrium point?

    <p>The equilibrium is shifted and three phases will not exist together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of mixing components in an ideal solution?

    <p>The physical properties of the components remain unchanged except for dilution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many degrees of freedom are present in a system where three phases co-exist?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following systems exhibits ideal behaviour?

    <p>Benzene + Toluene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of phases present in a gas, liquid, or solid system?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the vapour pressure composition curve for an ideal binary system?

    <p>The curve is linear and symmetric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many variables need to be fixed to define a gas, liquid, or solid system?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a gas-liquid system?

    <p>Monovariant and lies along a line between two phase regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of Raoult's law?

    <p>It only applies to ideal solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase rule related to?

    <p>The number of degrees of freedom in a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the system at the equilibrium point?

    <p>It has no degree of freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition for a system to have no degrees of freedom?

    <p>When the system has three phases in equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phase rule provide information about?

    <p>The number of degrees of freedom in a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum value of degree of freedom for a one component system?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two variables chosen to define a one component system?

    <p>Temperature and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition for a system to be monovariant or univariant?

    <p>When the system has two phases in equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of F in a one component system when two phases coexist in equilibrium?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the phase rule?

    <p>It only gives the number of degrees of freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for the degree of freedom in a one component system?

    <p>F = 3 - P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of the degree of ionization on drugs?

    <p>It affects the absorption, distribution, and elimination of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of electrolytes?

    <p>They are conductors of electricity due to the ions they contain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a buffer solution?

    <p>To resist changes in pH upon addition of an acid or alkali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of a buffer solution?

    <p>A weak acid and its salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the buffer action?

    <p>The ability of a solution to resist change in its pH upon addition of an acid or a base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sodium chloride solution not a buffer?

    <p>It does not resist changes in its pH upon addition of an acid or alkali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of acetic acid in a buffer solution?

    <p>It is very slightly dissociated in solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of studying conductance measurements?

    <p>To determine the degree of ionization of a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ideal Solutions

    • A solution with complete uniformity of cohesive forces, where the components have similar chemical structures.
    • Intermolecular forces between the components are uniform, meaning the molecules exert the same force on each other regardless of their nature.
    • No heat is absorbed or released during the formation of the solution.
    • The total volume of the solution is the sum of the component volumes, with no shrinkage or expansion.
    • The physical properties of the components do not change except for dilution when they are mixed.
    • Raoult's law applies to ideal solutions, where the vapor pressure of each volatile constituent is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure constituent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution.

    Real Solutions

    • Only a few binary solutions strictly obey Raoult's law over the entire range of concentrations.
    • Examples of systems that exhibit ideal behavior include mixtures of benzene + toluene, n-hexane + n-heptane, and ethyl bromide + ethyl iodide.

    Vapor Pressure Composition Diagram

    • A graphical representation of the vapor pressure of a solution against its composition, typically used to illustrate the behavior of ideal binary systems.

    Freezing Point Depression

    • The decrease in the freezing point of a solution due to the addition of a solute.
    • The freezing point depression is proportional to the concentration of the solute.
    • The relationship between the freezing point depression and the molality of the solute is described by the equation: ΔTf = Kf * m.

    Electrolytes

    • Substances that conduct electricity due to the presence of ions.
    • The conductance of an electrolyte is directly proportional to the concentration of ions.
    • Important concepts related to electrolytes include conductance, specific resistance, specific conductance, equivalent and molar conductance, molecular conductance, and application of conductance measurements.

    Buffer Solutions

    • Solutions that resist changes in their pH upon addition of small quantities of acid or alkali.
    • Typically consist of a mixture of a weak acid and one of its salts or a weak base and one of its salts.
    • Buffer action is the ability of a solution to resist changes in its pH upon addition of an acid or base.

    Phase Rule

    • A mathematical relationship that describes the number of degrees of freedom (F) in a system, given by the equation: F = C - P + 2.
    • In a system with one component, the maximum value of F is 2, meaning that two variables (temperature and pressure) must be specified to define the system.
    • In a system with two phases, F = 1, meaning that one variable is sufficient to define the system.
    • In a system with three phases, F = 0, meaning that there is no degree of freedom and the system is invariant.

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    Description

    Learn about ideal solutions, their properties, and characteristics in chemistry, including uniform cohesive forces and similar chemical structures.

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