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Questions and Answers
What happens to the airspeed as it moves from the mouth to the throat of the venturi tube?
What happens to the airspeed as it moves from the mouth to the throat of the venturi tube?
If the area of the throat of a Venturi tube is a quarter of the area of the mouth and the airflow speed at the mouth is 60 m/s, what is the speed of airflow at the throat?
If the area of the throat of a Venturi tube is a quarter of the area of the mouth and the airflow speed at the mouth is 60 m/s, what is the speed of airflow at the throat?
When a complete pitot-static head is placed at the mouth of the Venturi, what reading will the airspeed indicator show?
When a complete pitot-static head is placed at the mouth of the Venturi, what reading will the airspeed indicator show?
According to Bernoulli’s theorem, how does the total pressure at the throat relate to the pressure at the mouth?
According to Bernoulli’s theorem, how does the total pressure at the throat relate to the pressure at the mouth?
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What does the diaphragm in the airspeed indicator read when the net pressure is equal to $\frac{1}{2} \rho V_a^2$?
What does the diaphragm in the airspeed indicator read when the net pressure is equal to $\frac{1}{2} \rho V_a^2$?
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What does the static pressure at the mouth represent?
What does the static pressure at the mouth represent?
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How is the dynamic pressure at the throat calculated?
How is the dynamic pressure at the throat calculated?
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What would the airspeed indicator read if a pitot tube is placed at the throat and the static side is connected to a static tube at the mouth?
What would the airspeed indicator read if a pitot tube is placed at the throat and the static side is connected to a static tube at the mouth?
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What is the formula for calculating the kinetic energy (KE) of one cubic metre of air moving at a stated speed?
What is the formula for calculating the kinetic energy (KE) of one cubic metre of air moving at a stated speed?
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What does the term ½ρV² represent in the context of aerodynamics?
What does the term ½ρV² represent in the context of aerodynamics?
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When an airplane's speed relative to the air is referenced, what is this speed called?
When an airplane's speed relative to the air is referenced, what is this speed called?
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If an airplane is flying at an air speed of 100 kmph and encounters a headwind of 20 kmph, what is its ground speed?
If an airplane is flying at an air speed of 100 kmph and encounters a headwind of 20 kmph, what is its ground speed?
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What happens to the kinetic energy of moving air when it is brought to rest in an open-ended tube?
What happens to the kinetic energy of moving air when it is brought to rest in an open-ended tube?
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What determines the airflow pattern and pressure distribution around an aircraft?
What determines the airflow pattern and pressure distribution around an aircraft?
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What is the relationship between total pressure, dynamic pressure, and static pressure?
What is the relationship between total pressure, dynamic pressure, and static pressure?
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Which aerodynamic theory examines flow patterns and pressure distribution non-mathematically?
Which aerodynamic theory examines flow patterns and pressure distribution non-mathematically?
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What is the significance of a correction factor or coefficient in the term ½ρV²?
What is the significance of a correction factor or coefficient in the term ½ρV²?
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According to the Equation of Continuity, what happens to air mass flow?
According to the Equation of Continuity, what happens to air mass flow?
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What is the unit of dynamic pressure represented by the term ½ρV² when expressed in Newton per m²?
What is the unit of dynamic pressure represented by the term ½ρV² when expressed in Newton per m²?
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What is the main factor that affects lift produced by a wing in flight?
What is the main factor that affects lift produced by a wing in flight?
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What does Bernoulli’s Theorem relate to in basic aerodynamic theory?
What does Bernoulli’s Theorem relate to in basic aerodynamic theory?
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What is the chord line in the context of an aerofoil?
What is the chord line in the context of an aerofoil?
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What is the mean chord in aerodynamics?
What is the mean chord in aerodynamics?
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What does the span of a wing refer to?
What does the span of a wing refer to?
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What is the maximum camber expressed as?
What is the maximum camber expressed as?
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What is the angle of attack defined as?
What is the angle of attack defined as?
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How is the thickness/chord ratio expressed?
How is the thickness/chord ratio expressed?
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What does the centre of pressure represent?
What does the centre of pressure represent?
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What defines a streamline in fluid dynamics?
What defines a streamline in fluid dynamics?
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What happens to the pressure of a gas if its volume remains constant while the temperature increases by 1ºC?
What happens to the pressure of a gas if its volume remains constant while the temperature increases by 1ºC?
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Which equation represents the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas when combined?
Which equation represents the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas when combined?
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What is the behavior of pressure in a fluid at rest according to the laws of fluid motion?
What is the behavior of pressure in a fluid at rest according to the laws of fluid motion?
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Which statement describes an adiabatic change?
Which statement describes an adiabatic change?
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How is the gas constant R defined in the equation PV = RT?
How is the gas constant R defined in the equation PV = RT?
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What is the relationship between density, volume, and pressure for a given mass of gas?
What is the relationship between density, volume, and pressure for a given mass of gas?
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In which condition does the pressure in a fluid increase directly proportional to depth?
In which condition does the pressure in a fluid increase directly proportional to depth?
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What occurs during an isothermal change?
What occurs during an isothermal change?
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Study Notes
Venturi Tube Dynamics
- Airspeed within a venturi tube increases from the wider mouth to the narrower throat and then decreases toward the exit.
- When the throat area is one-quarter of the mouth area, airflow speed can increase to four times that at the mouth; e.g., if airflow speed at the mouth is 60 m/s, the throat speed is 240 m/s.
- A complete pitot-static head at the mouth reads airspeed (60 m/s) based on static pressure, while at the throat, it reads dynamic pressure (240 m/s).
Air Speed Indicator Mechanics
- The air speed indicator’s reading is determined by differences in static and total pressures.
- Total pressure at the throat is calculated using Bernoulli’s theorem, relating static and dynamic pressures.
- This results in the measurement reflecting the airflow velocity at the mouth, thus returning to 60 m/s in static conditions.
Kinetic Energy of Air
- Kinetic energy (KE) of one cubic meter of air can be expressed as KE = ½ ρV², where ρ is air density and V is velocity.
- Energy remains constant when air is stopped in an open-ended tube, transforming kinetic energy into pressure energy nearly equal to ½ ρ V² Newton/m², factoring the area of the tube.
Dynamic and Static Pressures
- Dynamic pressure (½ρV²) influences aerodynamic forces acting on objects in motion through air.
- It cannot be measured independently without considering static pressure, which is critical for calculating total (stagnation) pressure.
Air Speed vs. Ground Speed
- Airspeed refers to an aircraft's speed relative to the air, unaffected by wind, while ground speed is the speed relative to the Earth.
- Relative velocity is crucial for defining aerodynamic performance regardless of the air's movement relative to the aircraft.
Aerodynamic Theories
- Various aerodynamic theories exist to predict wing/aerofoil performance, including Lift by Pressure Distribution, Momentum Theory, Dimensional Analysis, and Circulation Theory.
Lift by Pressure Distribution
- Analyzing flow patterns and pressure distributions on wings reveals critical factors affecting lift, primarily derived from experimental data.
Key Aerodynamic Concepts
- Continuity Equation: Air mass flow remains constant.
- Chord Line: Straight line between leading and trailing edges of an aerofoil.
- Angle of Attack (α): Angle between the chord line and the flight path.
- Thickness/Chord Ratio (t/c): Maximum thickness of an aerofoil section as a percentage of chord length.
- Centre of Pressure (CP): Point on the chord line where lift can be considered to act.
Gas Laws and Pressure Principles
- In fluids, pressure at any point acts equally in all directions and increases with depth.
- Ideal gas behavior under constant conditions can be expressed using the gas equation PV = RT, where R is the gas constant.
- Changes in energy and pressure of gases can be either adiabatic (no heat exchange) or isothermal (constant temperature).
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Description
Dive into the principles of ideal gas laws and fluid pressure in this quiz. Explore the relationships between pressure, temperature, and volume, along with the distinctions between adiabatic and isothermal changes. Test your understanding of kinetic energy and friction as well.