Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
What is the primary purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
- To provide funding for all public schools, regardless of student needs.
- To ensure students with disabilities receive the necessary support to succeed in school. (correct)
- To create a standardized curriculum for all students in the United States.
- To promote extracurricular activities for students with disabilities.
Which core principle of IDEA ensures that students with disabilities have access to educational services tailored to their needs without any cost to them?
Which core principle of IDEA ensures that students with disabilities have access to educational services tailored to their needs without any cost to them?
- Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE). (correct)
- Differentiated Instruction (DI).
- Individualized Education Program (IEP).
- Least Restrictive Environment (LRE).
What do Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) primarily outline for students with disabilities?
What do Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) primarily outline for students with disabilities?
- Family background and financial information
- Personalized plans outlining educational goals and support services (correct)
- Transportation plans and extracurricular activities
- Medical history and dietary restrictions
How does the principle of Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) under IDEA aim to support students with disabilities?
How does the principle of Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) under IDEA aim to support students with disabilities?
Under IDEA, what is the key criterion for determining eligibility for special education services?
Under IDEA, what is the key criterion for determining eligibility for special education services?
What is the primary goal of inclusive classrooms?
What is the primary goal of inclusive classrooms?
What does it mean when a student is placed in a general education classroom with support?
What does it mean when a student is placed in a general education classroom with support?
What is the primary characteristic of a partial mainstream/inclusion classroom setting?
What is the primary characteristic of a partial mainstream/inclusion classroom setting?
What is the key focus of instruction in a special education class?
What is the key focus of instruction in a special education class?
What does it typically mean when a student is placed in a specialized program outside of the school district?
What does it typically mean when a student is placed in a specialized program outside of the school district?
What does differentiated instruction primarily involve?
What does differentiated instruction primarily involve?
What is the main objective of Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
What is the main objective of Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
What is a key responsibility of general education teachers in inclusive classroom settings regarding students with disabilities?
What is a key responsibility of general education teachers in inclusive classroom settings regarding students with disabilities?
What do the Council for Exceptional Children's Standards for Professional Practice primarily focus on?
What do the Council for Exceptional Children's Standards for Professional Practice primarily focus on?
What is a primary expectation of special education teachers regarding their professional practice?
What is a primary expectation of special education teachers regarding their professional practice?
What is the main purpose of Section 504?
What is the main purpose of Section 504?
What do 504 plans primarily provide for students with disabilities?
What do 504 plans primarily provide for students with disabilities?
What are accommodations in the context of supporting students with disabilities?
What are accommodations in the context of supporting students with disabilities?
How do modifications differ from accommodations in supporting students with disabilities?
How do modifications differ from accommodations in supporting students with disabilities?
What is the federal legislation that ensures schools receiving federal funds provide reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities?
What is the federal legislation that ensures schools receiving federal funds provide reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities?
What is the primary focus of Title III legislation?
What is the primary focus of Title III legislation?
Who are English Learners (ELs)?
Who are English Learners (ELs)?
What characterizes students with limited English proficiency?
What characterizes students with limited English proficiency?
According to the definition provided, who are considered immigrant children and youth?
According to the definition provided, who are considered immigrant children and youth?
What does Title III Language Instruction for English Learners and Immigrant Students primarily aim to fund?
What does Title III Language Instruction for English Learners and Immigrant Students primarily aim to fund?
What is the purpose of a home language survey?
What is the purpose of a home language survey?
Under what federal laws do Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEP) typically fall?
Under what federal laws do Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEP) typically fall?
Which of the following are NOT among the eligibility categories defined under IDEA?
Which of the following are NOT among the eligibility categories defined under IDEA?
A high school student with a learning disability is struggling to keep up with reading assignments in their general education English class. Which of the following best exemplifies an accommodation that could be implemented, as opposed to a modification?
A high school student with a learning disability is struggling to keep up with reading assignments in their general education English class. Which of the following best exemplifies an accommodation that could be implemented, as opposed to a modification?
A student in a general education classroom is diagnosed with ADHD. While the student is at grade level, their behavior often disrupts the class. What document would most likely be created for this student?
A student in a general education classroom is diagnosed with ADHD. While the student is at grade level, their behavior often disrupts the class. What document would most likely be created for this student?
The parent of a child with a disability disagrees with the school's proposed IEP. What does IDEA guarantee these parents?
The parent of a child with a disability disagrees with the school's proposed IEP. What does IDEA guarantee these parents?
A school district is designing a new elementary school. To best implement the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL), what should the district prioritize?
A school district is designing a new elementary school. To best implement the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL), what should the district prioritize?
A general education teacher notices that a student who is also an EL consistently struggles with written assignments but performs well in oral discussions. Which of the following strategies aligns with differentiated instruction to best support student's learning?
A general education teacher notices that a student who is also an EL consistently struggles with written assignments but performs well in oral discussions. Which of the following strategies aligns with differentiated instruction to best support student's learning?
A student who is an EL has recently arrived in the United States and speaks very little English. Which assessment tool might the school use first to determine the student's needs for language support services?
A student who is an EL has recently arrived in the United States and speaks very little English. Which assessment tool might the school use first to determine the student's needs for language support services?
A special education teacher is working with a student who has significant reading comprehension difficulties. Which action best reflects the responsibilities outlined by the Council for Exceptional Children's Standards for Professional Practice?
A special education teacher is working with a student who has significant reading comprehension difficulties. Which action best reflects the responsibilities outlined by the Council for Exceptional Children's Standards for Professional Practice?
What is the key difference between Section 504 and IDEA in terms of eligibility?
What is the key difference between Section 504 and IDEA in terms of eligibility?
A school district is experiencing a budget shortfall that may impact special education services. According to the responsibilities of special education teachers, which action is most appropriate?
A school district is experiencing a budget shortfall that may impact special education services. According to the responsibilities of special education teachers, which action is most appropriate?
What is the key implication of the Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) principle under IDEA for students with disabilities?
What is the key implication of the Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) principle under IDEA for students with disabilities?
How does the creation of Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) benefit students with disabilities?
How does the creation of Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) benefit students with disabilities?
What is the primary goal of the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) mandate within IDEA?
What is the primary goal of the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) mandate within IDEA?
What is the critical factor in determining a student’s eligibility for special education services under IDEA?
What is the critical factor in determining a student’s eligibility for special education services under IDEA?
How do inclusive classrooms primarily aim to support student learning?
How do inclusive classrooms primarily aim to support student learning?
What best describes the learning environment in a general education classroom with support?
What best describes the learning environment in a general education classroom with support?
How does a partial mainstream/inclusion classroom setting typically function?
How does a partial mainstream/inclusion classroom setting typically function?
What is the defining characteristic of instruction within a special education class?
What is the defining characteristic of instruction within a special education class?
What does placement into a specialized program outside of the school district typically entail?
What does placement into a specialized program outside of the school district typically entail?
What is the primary aim of differentiated instruction?
What is the primary aim of differentiated instruction?
What is the overarching goal of Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
What is the overarching goal of Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
What is a crucial responsibility for general education teachers in supporting students with disabilities within inclusive classrooms?
What is a crucial responsibility for general education teachers in supporting students with disabilities within inclusive classrooms?
Why are the Council for Exceptional Children's Standards for Professional Practice important for educators?
Why are the Council for Exceptional Children's Standards for Professional Practice important for educators?
What is a primary expectation of special education teachers concerning their professional practice?
What is a primary expectation of special education teachers concerning their professional practice?
What is the main objective of Section 504?
What is the main objective of Section 504?
What kind of support do 504 plans primarily offer to students with disabilities?
What kind of support do 504 plans primarily offer to students with disabilities?
In the context of supporting students with disabilities, what are accommodations designed to do?
In the context of supporting students with disabilities, what are accommodations designed to do?
How are modifications best defined when supporting students with disabilities?
How are modifications best defined when supporting students with disabilities?
How does Section 504 primarily ensure equal access to education for students with disabilities?
How does Section 504 primarily ensure equal access to education for students with disabilities?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of an 'activity limitation'?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of an 'activity limitation'?
How might assistive technology positively impact a student with a physical disability/mobility impairment in the classroom?
How might assistive technology positively impact a student with a physical disability/mobility impairment in the classroom?
A student is diagnosed with an Other Health Impairment (OHI). Which of the following conditions could potentially fall under this category?
A student is diagnosed with an Other Health Impairment (OHI). Which of the following conditions could potentially fall under this category?
What is the primary challenge faced by individuals with dysgraphia?
What is the primary challenge faced by individuals with dysgraphia?
If a student is struggling with inattention and impulsivity in the classroom, which condition are they likely to be diagnosed with?
If a student is struggling with inattention and impulsivity in the classroom, which condition are they likely to be diagnosed with?
What broad areas of development are typically affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
What broad areas of development are typically affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Which of the following best describes the primary effect of cerebral palsy on an individual?
Which of the following best describes the primary effect of cerebral palsy on an individual?
Fragile X syndrome is caused by changes to which gene?
Fragile X syndrome is caused by changes to which gene?
Students with intellectual disabilities typically experience limitations in what area?
Students with intellectual disabilities typically experience limitations in what area?
What is the hallmark characteristic of Tourette syndrome?
What is the hallmark characteristic of Tourette syndrome?
Which of the following behaviors might indicate that a child is experiencing anxiety?
Which of the following behaviors might indicate that a child is experiencing anxiety?
A student consistently expresses feelings of sadness and hopelessness, and has lost interest in previously enjoyable activities. What mental disorder might the student be impacted by?
A student consistently expresses feelings of sadness and hopelessness, and has lost interest in previously enjoyable activities. What mental disorder might the student be impacted by?
A student displays a persistent pattern of defiant behavior, often leading to significant problems at home and school. This student may have:
A student displays a persistent pattern of defiant behavior, often leading to significant problems at home and school. This student may have:
Which behavior is most indicative of Conduct Disorder (CD) in children?
Which behavior is most indicative of Conduct Disorder (CD) in children?
What is the defining characteristic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
What is the defining characteristic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Which condition is characterized by symptoms like reliving a traumatic event, nightmares, and constant seeking of potential threats?
Which condition is characterized by symptoms like reliving a traumatic event, nightmares, and constant seeking of potential threats?
What is the core idea behind the concept of 'neurodiversity'?
What is the core idea behind the concept of 'neurodiversity'?
What does neurodivergence generally refer to?
What does neurodivergence generally refer to?
What is a key characteristic of speech disorders?
What is a key characteristic of speech disorders?
What kind of difficulties are characteristic of language disorders?
What kind of difficulties are characteristic of language disorders?
What is aphasia primarily characterized by?
What is aphasia primarily characterized by?
What specific challenge is associated with auditory processing disorder?
What specific challenge is associated with auditory processing disorder?
What is the primary role of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in schools?
What is the primary role of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in schools?
What defines a student with culturally diverse needs?
What defines a student with culturally diverse needs?
What is the primary difficulty encountered by someone with Limited English Proficiency (LEP)?
What is the primary difficulty encountered by someone with Limited English Proficiency (LEP)?
What is the defining characteristic of language minority students?
What is the defining characteristic of language minority students?
What does it mean for individuals to be classified as English Learners (ELs)?
What does it mean for individuals to be classified as English Learners (ELs)?
What is the primary focus of Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEPs)?
What is the primary focus of Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEPs)?
What is the main goal of sheltered English instruction?
What is the main goal of sheltered English instruction?
Which outcome is most closely associated with Structured English Immersion programs?
Which outcome is most closely associated with Structured English Immersion programs?
Which aspect is most emphasized in transitional bilingualism?
Which aspect is most emphasized in transitional bilingualism?
Which pedagogical approach is central to English as a second language (ESL) programs?
Which pedagogical approach is central to English as a second language (ESL) programs?
What is the primary goal of a dual language program?
What is the primary goal of a dual language program?
According to Stephen Krashen, how does language acquisition most effectively occur?
According to Stephen Krashen, how does language acquisition most effectively occur?
Which of Krashen's hypotheses distinguishes between conscious learning and subconscious language absorption?
Which of Krashen's hypotheses distinguishes between conscious learning and subconscious language absorption?
In Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis, what role does the 'monitor' serve in language production?
In Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis, what role does the 'monitor' serve in language production?
What does the input hypothesis state?
What does the input hypothesis state?
According to Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis, what significantly affects language learning?
According to Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis, what significantly affects language learning?
What does Krashen's natural order hypothesis state?
What does Krashen's natural order hypothesis state?
In second language acquisition, what characterizes the 'pre-production' stage?
In second language acquisition, what characterizes the 'pre-production' stage?
During the stage of 'early production' in language acquisition, what abilities does the individual begin to demonstrate?
During the stage of 'early production' in language acquisition, what abilities does the individual begin to demonstrate?
What is a defining feature of the 'speech emergent' stage of language acquisition?
What is a defining feature of the 'speech emergent' stage of language acquisition?
What characterizes the 'beginning fluency' stage of language acquisition?
What characterizes the 'beginning fluency' stage of language acquisition?
What key milestone is typically achieved during the 'intermediate fluency' stage of second language acquisition?
What key milestone is typically achieved during the 'intermediate fluency' stage of second language acquisition?
What is indicative of the 'advanced fluency' stage in second language acquisition?
What is indicative of the 'advanced fluency' stage in second language acquisition?
What is the primary goal of culturally responsive teaching?
What is the primary goal of culturally responsive teaching?
What are the cultural background for UDL?
What are the cultural background for UDL?
Which cognitive and affective traits, set apart giftedness?
Which cognitive and affective traits, set apart giftedness?
Which of the following best describes how IDEA supports students with disabilities?
Which of the following best describes how IDEA supports students with disabilities?
How does Section 504 ensure equal access to education for students with disabilities?
How does Section 504 ensure equal access to education for students with disabilities?
What characterizes special education as a supportive service?
What characterizes special education as a supportive service?
How do 'activity limitations' relate to the definition of 'disability'?
How do 'activity limitations' relate to the definition of 'disability'?
How is impairment distinguished from disability?
How is impairment distinguished from disability?
What is the link between 'activity limitations' and a person's ability to accomplish tasks?
What is the link between 'activity limitations' and a person's ability to accomplish tasks?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates 'participation restrictions'?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates 'participation restrictions'?
What is the primary challenge for individuals with physical disabilities or mobility impairments?
What is the primary challenge for individuals with physical disabilities or mobility impairments?
How does assistive technology contribute to the lives of individuals with disabilities?
How does assistive technology contribute to the lives of individuals with disabilities?
What encompasses a sensory impairment?
What encompasses a sensory impairment?
What is the unifying factor among conditions categorized as 'Other Health Impairments (OHI)'?
What is the unifying factor among conditions categorized as 'Other Health Impairments (OHI)'?
Which element is most characteristic of dyslexia?
Which element is most characteristic of dyslexia?
What is 'dyscalculia'?
What is 'dyscalculia'?
What is the core challenge for individuals with dysgraphia?
What is the core challenge for individuals with dysgraphia?
Inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity are key indicators for which condition?
Inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity are key indicators for which condition?
What developmental areas are most impacted by Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
What developmental areas are most impacted by Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
What primary abilities does cerebral palsy typically affect?
What primary abilities does cerebral palsy typically affect?
Fragile X syndrome is directly associated with?
Fragile X syndrome is directly associated with?
What broad areas present the greatest challenges for people with intellectual disabilities?
What broad areas present the greatest challenges for people with intellectual disabilities?
What is the hallmark sign for Tourette syndrome?
What is the hallmark sign for Tourette syndrome?
What is a common, broad definition for mental disorders?
What is a common, broad definition for mental disorders?
Persistent fears and worries which severely disrupt a child's routine at school, home, and play is MOST likely attributed to which of the following mental disorders?
Persistent fears and worries which severely disrupt a child's routine at school, home, and play is MOST likely attributed to which of the following mental disorders?
Persistent feelings of hopelessness or sadness, and disinterest in activities are key marks of what mental disorder?
Persistent feelings of hopelessness or sadness, and disinterest in activities are key marks of what mental disorder?
A persistent pattern of defiant behavior, that leads to immense problems in school and with peers is most indicative of:
A persistent pattern of defiant behavior, that leads to immense problems in school and with peers is most indicative of:
What best describes Conduct Disorder (CD)?
What best describes Conduct Disorder (CD)?
Recurring, unwanted thoughts coupled with the urge to perform specific actions which alleviate anxiety, is most associated with:
Recurring, unwanted thoughts coupled with the urge to perform specific actions which alleviate anxiety, is most associated with:
What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
What core concept does 'neurodiversity' embrace?
What core concept does 'neurodiversity' embrace?
What does 'neurodivergence' generally indicate?
What does 'neurodivergence' generally indicate?
What best characterizes speech disorders?
What best characterizes speech disorders?
What is a key characteristic of language disorders?
What is a key characteristic of language disorders?
What describes auditory processing disorder?
What describes auditory processing disorder?
How do speech-language pathologists (SLPs) support students in schools?
How do speech-language pathologists (SLPs) support students in schools?
Which factor defines a student with culturally diverse needs?
Which factor defines a student with culturally diverse needs?
What is the primary challenge faced by someone with Limited English Proficiency (LEP)?
What is the primary challenge faced by someone with Limited English Proficiency (LEP)?
Which attribute defines language minority students?
Which attribute defines language minority students?
What most appropriately classifies an English Learner (EL)?
What most appropriately classifies an English Learner (EL)?
What is a central characteristic of Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEPs)?
What is a central characteristic of Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEPs)?
What is the major objective of sheltered English instruction?
What is the major objective of sheltered English instruction?
Which linguistic goal is MOST associated with structured English immersion?
Which linguistic goal is MOST associated with structured English immersion?
What linguistic skill is most emphasized in transitional bilingualism?
What linguistic skill is most emphasized in transitional bilingualism?
What linguistic ability is emphasized in English as a Second Language (ESL) programs?
What linguistic ability is emphasized in English as a Second Language (ESL) programs?
What goals does dual language education program aim to achieve?
What goals does dual language education program aim to achieve?
What would best summarize Stephen Krashen's work?
What would best summarize Stephen Krashen's work?
What process does Krashen's acquisition-learning hypothesis explicitly separate?
What process does Krashen's acquisition-learning hypothesis explicitly separate?
What function does the 'monitor' serve in Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis?
What function does the 'monitor' serve in Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis?
How does IDEA ensure support for students with disabilities?
How does IDEA ensure support for students with disabilities?
In what key aspect does Section 504 differ from IDEA regarding student eligibility?
In what key aspect does Section 504 differ from IDEA regarding student eligibility?
Which condition primarily involves difficulties with tasks such as seeing, hearing, walking, or problem-solving?
Which condition primarily involves difficulties with tasks such as seeing, hearing, walking, or problem-solving?
How is an 'impairment' best defined in the context of disabilities?
How is an 'impairment' best defined in the context of disabilities?
Which of the following scenarios is the BEST example of a 'participation restriction'?
Which of the following scenarios is the BEST example of a 'participation restriction'?
What is the MOST significant challenge encountered by individuals with physical disabilities or mobility impairments?
What is the MOST significant challenge encountered by individuals with physical disabilities or mobility impairments?
How does assistive technology primarily aim to support individuals with disabilities?
How does assistive technology primarily aim to support individuals with disabilities?
Which of the following directly involves a condition affecting one or more of the senses?
Which of the following directly involves a condition affecting one or more of the senses?
ADHD, asthma, and epilepsy share what common link in the context of special education?
ADHD, asthma, and epilepsy share what common link in the context of special education?
What core difficulty is most characteristic of dyslexia?
What core difficulty is most characteristic of dyslexia?
What BEST describes dyscalculia?
What BEST describes dyscalculia?
What is the BEST definition of dysgraphia?
What is the BEST definition of dysgraphia?
What conditions are most indicative of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity?
What conditions are most indicative of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity?
Which areas of development are most broadly and pervasively affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Which areas of development are most broadly and pervasively affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
What primary abilities are typically affected and impaired as a result of cerebral palsy?
What primary abilities are typically affected and impaired as a result of cerebral palsy?
Fragile X syndrome is directly caused by changes or mutations of what?
Fragile X syndrome is directly caused by changes or mutations of what?
In what primary areas do people with intellectual disabilities typically experience the greatest limitations?
In what primary areas do people with intellectual disabilities typically experience the greatest limitations?
What is the hallmark, defining sign for Tourette syndrome?
What is the hallmark, defining sign for Tourette syndrome?
How does anxiety interfere with a children's activity that are at school, at home, or during play?
How does anxiety interfere with a children's activity that are at school, at home, or during play?
What distinguishes 'equity' from 'equality' in an educational context?
What distinguishes 'equity' from 'equality' in an educational context?
How does culturally responsive teaching primarily impact students?
How does culturally responsive teaching primarily impact students?
What factor contributes to the 'opportunity gap' experienced by some students?
What factor contributes to the 'opportunity gap' experienced by some students?
What is the defining feature of a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)?
What is the defining feature of a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)?
What is the main purpose of Tier 1 interventions within the MTSS framework?
What is the main purpose of Tier 1 interventions within the MTSS framework?
What is the primary goal of Response to Intervention (RTI)?
What is the primary goal of Response to Intervention (RTI)?
How do Tier 2 interventions in an MTSS framework differ from Tier 1 interventions?
How do Tier 2 interventions in an MTSS framework differ from Tier 1 interventions?
What distinguishes Tier 3 interventions from Tier 1 and Tier 2 interventions?
What distinguishes Tier 3 interventions from Tier 1 and Tier 2 interventions?
What is the goal of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)?
What is the goal of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)?
What is the primary purpose of universal screening in schools?
What is the primary purpose of universal screening in schools?
What is the main objective of progress monitoring?
What is the main objective of progress monitoring?
What does high-quality core instruction primarily involve?
What does high-quality core instruction primarily involve?
What is the defining characteristic of data-based decision-making in education?
What is the defining characteristic of data-based decision-making in education?
What role does collaboration play in ensuring consistency in Tier 1 interventions?
What role does collaboration play in ensuring consistency in Tier 1 interventions?
What is the primary focus of small-group instruction?
What is the primary focus of small-group instruction?
How do evidence-based interventions ensure effective support for students?
How do evidence-based interventions ensure effective support for students?
What key components characterize interventions that reinforce learning?
What key components characterize interventions that reinforce learning?
How does enhanced family engagement support student interventions?
How does enhanced family engagement support student interventions?
What is the primary goal of individualized support plans?
What is the primary goal of individualized support plans?
What is the focus of intensive instruction?
What is the focus of intensive instruction?
What characterizes a collaborative team approach in student support?
What characterizes a collaborative team approach in student support?
What is emphasized in multiple means of representation within UDL?
What is emphasized in multiple means of representation within UDL?
What is the objective of multiple means of engagement in UDL?
What is the objective of multiple means of engagement in UDL?
What is the focus of multiple means of action and expression in UDL?
What is the focus of multiple means of action and expression in UDL?
What happens during content differentiation?
What happens during content differentiation?
What characterises process differentiation?
What characterises process differentiation?
What happens during Product differentiation?
What happens during Product differentiation?
What is involved in learning environment differentiation?
What is involved in learning environment differentiation?
What does direct instruction primarily involve?
What does direct instruction primarily involve?
Which best describes systematic instruction?
Which best describes systematic instruction?
What defines explicit instruction?
What defines explicit instruction?
What is the primary focus of co-teaching?
What is the primary focus of co-teaching?
In the co-teaching model 'One Teach, One Assist,' what is the role of the 'One Assist' teacher?
In the co-teaching model 'One Teach, One Assist,' what is the role of the 'One Assist' teacher?
In the co-teaching model 'One Teach, One Observe', what does the observing teacher do?
In the co-teaching model 'One Teach, One Observe', what does the observing teacher do?
What happens, in the context of education, at a station?
What happens, in the context of education, at a station?
What underlying principle differentiates 'equity' from 'equality' in education?
What underlying principle differentiates 'equity' from 'equality' in education?
How does culturally responsive teaching primarily aim to impact students in the classroom?
How does culturally responsive teaching primarily aim to impact students in the classroom?
Which factor most directly contributes to the 'opportunity gap' experienced by certain student populations?
Which factor most directly contributes to the 'opportunity gap' experienced by certain student populations?
What is emphasized in multiple means of representation within Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
What is emphasized in multiple means of representation within Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
In a co-teaching setting, what does the 'One Teach, One Assist' model primarily involve?
In a co-teaching setting, what does the 'One Teach, One Assist' model primarily involve?
What is the main role of the observing teacher in the 'One Teach, One Observe' co-teaching model?
What is the main role of the observing teacher in the 'One Teach, One Observe' co-teaching model?
How does the 'station' co-teaching model typically function in the classroom?
How does the 'station' co-teaching model typically function in the classroom?
What is the defining characteristic of the 'team' co-teaching approach?
What is the defining characteristic of the 'team' co-teaching approach?
How does the 'parallel' co-teaching strategy work in a classroom setting?
How does the 'parallel' co-teaching strategy work in a classroom setting?
What best describes the 'alternative' teaching approach?
What best describes the 'alternative' teaching approach?
What's the primary purpose of establishing behavior expectations in the classroom?
What's the primary purpose of establishing behavior expectations in the classroom?
What is the purpose of a behavior matrix?
What is the purpose of a behavior matrix?
What is the purpose of reward systems?
What is the purpose of reward systems?
How does "Check-In/Check-Out" process function?
How does "Check-In/Check-Out" process function?
What key life skills does the social skills instruction help students to attain?
What key life skills does the social skills instruction help students to attain?
How does the concept of 'equity' differ from 'equality' in education?
How does the concept of 'equity' differ from 'equality' in education?
What is the main contributing factor to the 'opportunity gap' that affects certain groups of students?
What is the main contributing factor to the 'opportunity gap' that affects certain groups of students?
What is the defining characteristic of a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)?
What is the defining characteristic of a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)?
What is the role of collaboration among educators in an MTSS framework?
What is the role of collaboration among educators in an MTSS framework?
Which statement summarizes the purpose of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)?
Which statement summarizes the purpose of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)?
What is the primary goal of 'universal screening' in schools?
What is the primary goal of 'universal screening' in schools?
What is the key element of using a 'data-based decision-making' approach in education?
What is the key element of using a 'data-based decision-making' approach in education?
How do 'evidence-based interventions' contribute to student support?
How do 'evidence-based interventions' contribute to student support?
What is the primary goal of implementing 'individualized support plans' for students?
What is the primary goal of implementing 'individualized support plans' for students?
How is intensive instruction best characterized?
How is intensive instruction best characterized?
How does a collaborative team approach enhance student support?
How does a collaborative team approach enhance student support?
What emphasizes multiple means of representation within Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
What emphasizes multiple means of representation within Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?
What is the primary aim of providing 'multiple means of engagement' in UDL?
What is the primary aim of providing 'multiple means of engagement' in UDL?
What is the focus of providing multiple means of action and expression in UDL?
What is the focus of providing multiple means of action and expression in UDL?
What does 'content differentiation' primarily address in instruction?
What does 'content differentiation' primarily address in instruction?
What does 'process differentiation' involve when teaching?
What does 'process differentiation' involve when teaching?
What is the main emphasis of 'product differentiation' in teaching?
What is the main emphasis of 'product differentiation' in teaching?
What aspect of instruction does 'learning environment differentiation' primarily address?
What aspect of instruction does 'learning environment differentiation' primarily address?
What is generally involved in 'direct instruction'?
What is generally involved in 'direct instruction'?
What is the hallmark of 'systematic instruction'?
What is the hallmark of 'systematic instruction'?
Which approach is most aligned with 'explicit instruction'?
Which approach is most aligned with 'explicit instruction'?
What defines co-teaching as an instructional model?
What defines co-teaching as an instructional model?
In the 'One Teach, One Assist' model of co-teaching, what roles do the teachers typically assume?
In the 'One Teach, One Assist' model of co-teaching, what roles do the teachers typically assume?
What is the primary function of the 'One Teach, One Observe' co-teaching model?
What is the primary function of the 'One Teach, One Observe' co-teaching model?
In a 'station' co-teaching arrangement, how is the classroom typically organized?
In a 'station' co-teaching arrangement, how is the classroom typically organized?
What is the defining feature of the 'team' co-teaching model?
What is the defining feature of the 'team' co-teaching model?
How do teachers divide responsibilities in 'parallel' co-teaching?
How do teachers divide responsibilities in 'parallel' co-teaching?
What is primarily addressed in the 'alternative' co-teaching model?
What is primarily addressed in the 'alternative' co-teaching model?
What is the main objective of establishing clear 'behavior expectations' in the classroom?
What is the main objective of establishing clear 'behavior expectations' in the classroom?
What is a 'behavior matrix' primarily used for in a classroom setting?
What is a 'behavior matrix' primarily used for in a classroom setting?
What is the primary purpose of implementing 'reward systems' in the classroom?
What is the primary purpose of implementing 'reward systems' in the classroom?
What is the intent of 'Check-In/Check-Out' as a classroom system?
What is the intent of 'Check-In/Check-Out' as a classroom system?
What is the primary goal of 'social skills instruction' for students?
What is the primary goal of 'social skills instruction' for students?
What is equality in education?
What is equality in education?
In an education environment, what does 'equity' mean?
In an education environment, what does 'equity' mean?
What is the key distinction between 'equality' and 'equity' in education?
What is the key distinction between 'equality' and 'equity' in education?
To ensure all students feel valued and supported, connecting their cultures, languages, and life experiences with what they learn in school is characteristic of what?
To ensure all students feel valued and supported, connecting their cultures, languages, and life experiences with what they learn in school is characteristic of what?
Which issue is directly addressed by initiatives aimed at closing the 'opportunity gap'?
Which issue is directly addressed by initiatives aimed at closing the 'opportunity gap'?
A school implements a comprehensive framework to provide targeted interventions and support to students based on their individual needs. Which approach is the school using?
A school implements a comprehensive framework to provide targeted interventions and support to students based on their individual needs. Which approach is the school using?
Which scenario best describes the implementation of Tier 1 interventions within a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) framework?
Which scenario best describes the implementation of Tier 1 interventions within a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) framework?
A school regularly monitors students' learning and behavior needs and provides targeted assistance. What method is the school primarily using?
A school regularly monitors students' learning and behavior needs and provides targeted assistance. What method is the school primarily using?
A group of students receives targeted support to improve their reading skills because they are not progressing adequately with the universal supports offered to the entire class. Which tier of intervention does this scenario exemplify?
A group of students receives targeted support to improve their reading skills because they are not progressing adequately with the universal supports offered to the entire class. Which tier of intervention does this scenario exemplify?
Which characteristic is most indicative of Tier 3 interventions within a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)?
Which characteristic is most indicative of Tier 3 interventions within a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)?
Which practice aligns with the key features of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)?
Which practice aligns with the key features of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)?
What is the main objective of universal screening in schools?
What is the main objective of universal screening in schools?
What is the primary aim of progress monitoring?
What is the primary aim of progress monitoring?
Which practice is most representative of high-quality core instruction?
Which practice is most representative of high-quality core instruction?
Collecting and analyzing student performance and behavior data to inform instructional practices and interventions is characteristic of what?
Collecting and analyzing student performance and behavior data to inform instructional practices and interventions is characteristic of what?
Ensuring consistency in the implementation of Tier 1 interventions and practices across classrooms and grade levels is especially ensured through which practice?
Ensuring consistency in the implementation of Tier 1 interventions and practices across classrooms and grade levels is especially ensured through which practice?
What is the primary focus of small-group instruction, particularly within a tiered intervention system?
What is the primary focus of small-group instruction, particularly within a tiered intervention system?
What signifies that an intervention is research-based?
What signifies that an intervention is research-based?
Which key component characterizes interventions designed to reinforce learning and address persistent difficulties?
Which key component characterizes interventions designed to reinforce learning and address persistent difficulties?
How does enhanced family engagement primarily support student interventions?
How does enhanced family engagement primarily support student interventions?
How would you describe an individualized support plan?
How would you describe an individualized support plan?
Which strategy would best describe collaboration among school staff?
Which strategy would best describe collaboration among school staff?
Flashcards
IDEA
IDEA
A federal law ensuring students with disabilities receive necessary support to succeed in school.
FAPE (Free and Appropriate Public Education)
FAPE (Free and Appropriate Public Education)
A principle of IDEA guaranteeing students with disabilities access to tailored educational services at no cost.
IEPs (Individualized Education Programs)
IEPs (Individualized Education Programs)
Personalized plans outlining educational goals and support services for each student with a disability.
LRE (Least Restrictive Environment)
LRE (Least Restrictive Environment)
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13 eligibility categories under IDEA
13 eligibility categories under IDEA
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Inclusive Classrooms
Inclusive Classrooms
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General Education Classroom with Support
General Education Classroom with Support
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Partial Mainstream/Inclusion Classroom
Partial Mainstream/Inclusion Classroom
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Special Education Class
Special Education Class
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Specialized Program Outside of the School District
Specialized Program Outside of the School District
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Differentiated Instruction
Differentiated Instruction
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UDL (Universal Design for Learning)
UDL (Universal Design for Learning)
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Roles of General Education Teachers
Roles of General Education Teachers
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Council for Exceptional Children's Standards
Council for Exceptional Children's Standards
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Roles of Special Education Teachers
Roles of Special Education Teachers
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Section 504
Section 504
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504 Plans
504 Plans
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Accommodations
Accommodations
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Modifications
Modifications
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Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
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Title III
Title III
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English Learners (ELs)
English Learners (ELs)
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Limited English Proficiency
Limited English Proficiency
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Immigrant Children and Youth
Immigrant Children and Youth
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Title III Language Instruction
Title III Language Instruction
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Home Language Survey
Home Language Survey
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Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEP)
Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEP)
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Disability
Disability
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Impairment
Impairment
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Activity Limitation
Activity Limitation
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Participation Restrictions
Participation Restrictions
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Physical Disability/Mobility Impairment
Physical Disability/Mobility Impairment
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Assistive Technology
Assistive Technology
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Sensory Impairment
Sensory Impairment
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Other Health Impairments (OHI)
Other Health Impairments (OHI)
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Dyslexia
Dyslexia
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Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia
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Dysgraphia
Dysgraphia
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
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Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy
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Fragile X Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
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Intellectual Disabilities
Intellectual Disabilities
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Tourette Syndrome
Tourette Syndrome
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Mental Disorders
Mental Disorders
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Anxiety
Anxiety
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Depression
Depression
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
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Conduct Disorder (CD)
Conduct Disorder (CD)
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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Neurodiversity
Neurodiversity
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Neurodivergence
Neurodivergence
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Speech Disorders
Speech Disorders
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Language Disorders
Language Disorders
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Aphasia
Aphasia
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Auditory Processing Disorder
Auditory Processing Disorder
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Speech-Language Pathologists
Speech-Language Pathologists
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Student with culturally diverse needs
Student with culturally diverse needs
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Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
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Language Minority Students
Language Minority Students
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Sheltered English Instruction
Sheltered English Instruction
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Structured English Immersion
Structured English Immersion
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Transitional Bilingualism
Transitional Bilingualism
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English as a Second Language (ESL)
English as a Second Language (ESL)
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Dual Language Program
Dual Language Program
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Stephen Krashen
Stephen Krashen
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Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
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Monitor Hypothesis
Monitor Hypothesis
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Input Hypothesis
Input Hypothesis
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Affective Filter Hypothesis
Affective Filter Hypothesis
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Natural Order Hypothesis
Natural Order Hypothesis
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Pre-Production
Pre-Production
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Early Production
Early Production
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Speech Emergent
Speech Emergent
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Beginning Fluency
Beginning Fluency
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Intermediate fluency
Intermediate fluency
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Advanced Fluency
Advanced Fluency
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Culturally Responsive Teaching
Culturally Responsive Teaching
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Twice-Exceptional
Twice-Exceptional
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Equality
Equality
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Equity
Equity
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Culturally Responsive
Culturally Responsive
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Opportunity Gap
Opportunity Gap
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Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)
Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)
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Tier 1 Interventions
Tier 1 Interventions
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Response to Intervention (RTI)
Response to Intervention (RTI)
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Tier 2 Interventions
Tier 2 Interventions
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Tier 3 Interventions
Tier 3 Interventions
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Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)
Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)
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Universal Screening
Universal Screening
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Progress Monitoring
Progress Monitoring
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High-Quality Core Instruction
High-Quality Core Instruction
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Data-Based Decision-Making
Data-Based Decision-Making
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Collaboration and Professional Development
Collaboration and Professional Development
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Small-Group Instruction
Small-Group Instruction
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Evidence-Based Interventions
Evidence-Based Interventions
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Increased Practice and Feedback
Increased Practice and Feedback
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Enhanced Family Engagement
Enhanced Family Engagement
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Individualized Support Plans
Individualized Support Plans
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Intensive Instruction
Intensive Instruction
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Collaborative Team Approach
Collaborative Team Approach
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Multiple Means of Representation
Multiple Means of Representation
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Multiple Means of Engagement
Multiple Means of Engagement
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Multiple Means of Action and Expression
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
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Content Differentiation
Content Differentiation
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Process Differentiation
Process Differentiation
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Product Differentiation
Product Differentiation
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Learning Environment Differentiation
Learning Environment Differentiation
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Direct Instruction
Direct Instruction
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Systematic Instruction
Systematic Instruction
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Explicit Instruction
Explicit Instruction
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Co-teaching
Co-teaching
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One Teach, One Assist
One Teach, One Assist
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One Teach, One Observe
One Teach, One Observe
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Station
Station
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Team
Team
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Parallel
Parallel
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Alternative
Alternative
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Behavior Expectations
Behavior Expectations
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Behavior Matrix
Behavior Matrix
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Reward Systems
Reward Systems
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Check-In/Check-Out
Check-In/Check-Out
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Social Skills Instruction
Social Skills Instruction
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Study Notes
Equality
- Giving everyone the same treatment regardless of their individual differences or needs.
Equity
- Recognizes that students start with different baselines and needs.
- Gives them what they need to be successful accordingly.
Culturally Responsive
- Applying strategies intended to ensure all students feel valued, respected, and supported during their learning.
Differentiated Instruction
- Adjusting teaching methods to meet individual student needs.
Culturally Responsive Teaching
- Teaching method that connects students’ cultures, languages, and life experiences with what they learn in school.
Opportunity gap
- Disparities in access to resources and opportunities that affect certain groups of students.
- Often based on factors like race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, English proficiency, or family background.
Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS)
- An evidence-based framework used in education.
- Helps educators to deliver targeted interventions and support to students based on their needs.
Tier 1 interventions
- Supports that are given universally; intended to meet the needs of all students within the general education classroom.
Response to Intervention (RTI)
- A method used to identify and support students with learning and behavior needs.
- Achieved through regular monitoring and targeted interventions.
Tier 2 interventions
- Targeted interventions for students who demonstrate mild to moderate academic or behavioral challenges.
- The support is beyond Tier 1.
Tier 3 interventions
- Highly individualized interventions provided to students who haven't responded adequately to Tier 1 and Tier 2 supports.
Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS)
- Proactive strategies to establish a positive school climate and promote positive behavior among students.
Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
- Designing flexible learning environments and curricula.
- Intended to provide all students, including those with diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, equitable access to learning opportunities.
Universal screening
- Regular assessments to identify students who may require additional support or intervention early on.
Progress monitoring
- Tracking students' progress and identifying areas where additional support is needed.
High-quality core instruction
- Providing evidence-based instructional practices and curricula.
- Aligned with state standards and meeting all students' needs.
Data-based decision-making
- Collecting and analyzing student performance and behavior data.
- Informs instructional practices and interventions.
Collaboration and professional development
- Fostering collaboration among educators.
- Ensures consistency in implementing Tier 1 interventions and practices across classrooms and grade levels.
Small-group instruction
- Supplemental instruction in small groups to students who need additional support in specific areas.
- Areas include reading, math, or social-emotional skills.
Evidence-based interventions
- Proven effective in addressing the specific needs of students.
Increased practice and feedback
- Interventions to reinforce learning and address persistent areas of difficulty.
- Provides more opportunities for guided practice, individualized feedback, and targeted remediation.
Enhanced family engagement
- Involving parents and caregivers in the intervention process.
Individualized support plans
- A personalized student support plan tailored to unique needs.
Intensive instruction
- Highly specialized and targeted instruction delivered by trained educators or specialists.
Collaborative team approach
- Collaboration among educators, administrators, support staff, and families.
- Ensures a coordinated and comprehensive approach to student support.
Multiple means of representation
- Importance of presenting information in various ways.
- Caters to different learning styles and preferences.
Multiple means of engagement
- Fostering motivation and interest in learning.
- Provides options for how students engage with content and activities.
Multiple means of action and expression
- Allowing students to demonstrate their understanding and express themselves in diverse ways.
Differentiated Instruction
- Adjusting teaching methods to meet individual student needs.
Content differentiation
- Modifying what students learn.
Process differentiation
- Adjusting how students learn.
Product differentiation
- Focusing on how students demonstrate their learning.
Learning environment differentiation
- The physical and emotional context of learning.
Direct instruction
- Explicitly teaching a specific skill or concept systematically and sequentially.
Systematic instruction
- Breaking down complex skills or tasks into smaller, more manageable steps.
Explicit instruction
- Highly structured, clearly states learning objectives, provides direct explanations and demonstrations, and offers guided and independent practice opportunities.
Co-teaching
- Collaborative partnerships between general and special education teachers to deliver instruction to all students.
One Teach, One Assist
- One teacher leads instruction while the other supports individual students or the whole class.
One Teach, One Observe
- One teacher delivers instruction while the other observes student learning, gathers data, or assesses student progress.
Station
- Teachers divide the classroom into stations or learning centers.
- Each led by one teacher, students rotate to engage in different activities.
Team
- Both teachers actively engage in instruction.
- Share responsibility for planning, delivering lessons, and assessing student learning.
Parallel
- Two teachers split the students into small groups of students simultaneously.
- Decreases the student to teacher ratio, increases intensity, and provides differentiated instruction tailored to individual needs.
Alternative
- One teacher instructs most of the class.
- The other teacher teaches a smaller group of students who may need enrichment or reteaching of a previously taught skill.
Behavior expectations
- Establishing clear and concise behavior expectations for different settings within the classroom.
Behavior matrix
- Outlines specific behaviors expected in various classroom settings and situations.
- Includes corresponding positive reinforcement strategies for demonstrating those behaviors.
Reward systems
- A system that acknowledges and reinforces positive behaviors.
Check-In/Check-Out
- A system in which students receive daily feedback on their behavior from a designated staff member.
Social skills instruction
- Teaches students essential skills such as communication, problem-solving, and conflict resolution.
Section 2 Key Terms
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
- A federal law that aids students with disabilities in receiving the support that they need to succeed in school
Section 504
- A civil rights law ensuring that students with disabilities have equal access to education.
- Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in any program or activity that receives federal financial assistance.
Special Education
- Provides extra help to students who need it because of differences in how they learn or behave.
- Extra help is tailored to each student's needs, is documented in an IEP, and may include different teaching methods, unique materials, or extra support in the classroom.
Disability
- A condition that affects a person's body or mind, resulting in activity limitation when certain activities are more challenging.
- Participation restrictions exist which limits their interaction with the world around them.
Impairment
- When something is wrong with a person's body or mind like losing a limb, vision, or memory.
Activity Limitation
- Difficulty with tasks such as seeing, hearing, walking, or solving problems.
Participation Restrictions
- Limitations on everyday activities like working, socializing, enjoying recreational activities, or getting healthcare.
Physical Disability/Mobility Impairment
- Impedes a person's ability to move around freely or perform certain tasks independently due to limitations in physical function or mobility.
- It can manifest as difficulty walking, standing, or using limbs effectively to grasp or lift objects.
Assistive Technology
- Devices and tools designed to enhance independence and accessibility for individuals with mobility or physical impairments.
Sensory Impairment
- A condition that affects one or more of the senses, including sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell.
Other Health Impairments (OHI)
- A range of medical conditions that adversely affect a person's health and educational performance.
- Examples of OHI include but are not limited to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), asthma, and epilepsy.
Dyslexia
- A learning disorder that affects a person's ability to read, write, and spell accurately and fluently.
Dyscalculia
- A learning disorder that affects a person's ability to understand and manipulate numbers and mathematical concepts.
Dysgraphia
- A learning disorder that affects a person's ability to write coherently and effectively.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and sometimes hyperactivity.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- A developmental disorder that affects communication, behavior, and social interaction.
Cerebral Palsy
- A group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture.
Fragile X Syndrome
- A genetic disorder caused by changes in the FMR1 gene, resulting in the absence or deficiency of the FMRP protein.
- Characterized by intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and behavioral challenges.
Intellectual Disabilities
- Limitations in a person's ability to learn at an expected level and function in daily life.
Tourette Syndrome
- A condition of the nervous system that causes people to have tics, which are sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly and cannot control.
Mental Disorders
- Common mental health conditions that children may experience.
Anxiety
- Persistent fears and worries that interfere with children's activities at school, at home, or during play.
Depression
- Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or disinterest in activities once enjoyed.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
- Persistent defiant behavior often leading to significant problems at home, school, or with peers.
Conduct Disorder (CD)
- Involves aggression toward others and serious violations of rules and social norms, which may result in legal issues or injuries.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Recurring unwanted thoughts and the urge to perform specific actions to alleviate anxiety, even if these behaviors seem irrational.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- A disorder that develops in children who experience severe stress or trauma, leading to symptoms like reliving the event, nightmares, irritability avoidance, and constantly seeking potential threats.
Neurodiversity
- Embraces the idea that neurological differences, such as those associated with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, twice-exceptional, and other conditions, are a normal part of human diversity rather than disorders to be fixed.
Neurodivergence
- Refers to individuals whose neurological development diverges from typical or average.
Speech Disorders
- Disorders that cause difficulty forming specific sounds or words correctly or difficulties with fluency, such as stuttering.
Language Disorders
- Issues with understanding and using language, which may include difficulty in comprehending words, constructing sentences, or expressing thoughts.
Aphasia
- Difficulty understanding or producing language due to brain injury.
Auditory Processing Disorder
- A disorder that affects understanding the meaning of the sounds the ear receives.
Speech-Language Pathologists
- Specialists who support children with language or speech disorders in schools.
- These Pathologists collaborate with teachers, parents, and caregivers to develop tailored intervention plans for each child's needs.
Student With Culturally Diverse Needs
- Someone whose home language differs from English and whose cultural background may vary from the mainstream culture.
Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
- Describes people who have trouble speaking, reading, writing, or understanding English.
Language Minority Students
- Students who speak a different language at home and might struggle with English in school.
English Learners (ELs)
- Individuals who are learning English as a second (or third, etc.) language and thus have varying levels of proficiency in English.
- These individuals may need additional support to access the curriculum.
Language Instruction Educational Programs (LIEPs)
- Models of instruction for English learners that align with the goals of Title III to promote English proficiency, academic achievement, and cultural competence among ELs.
Sheltered English Instruction
- Helps EL students understand academic lessons in English using activities, visuals, and simplified language.
- Teachers focus on teaching subjects like math and science.
Structured English Immersion
- EL students learn all subjects in English, aiming for quick fluency in the language.
Transitional Bilingualism
- Uses both the student's primary language and English for instruction.
- Helping them maintain skills in both languages while transitioning to English-only classes.
English as a Second Language
- Teaches EL students English language skills like speaking, reading, and writing, mainly using English with little support in the student's native language.
Dual Language Program
- Students learn in both English and another language, such as Spanish, to become bilingual and proficient in both languages across various subjects.
Stephen Krashen
- A linguistics expert known for his second-language acquisition theory.
- His theory encompasses five main hypotheses.
Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
- Krashen's theory separates language learning into two processes: acquisition and learning.
- Acquisition happens naturally, like how children learn their first language by listening and interacting.
- Learning, on the other hand, involves consciously studying grammar rules and vocabulary.
Monitor Hypothesis
- Describes how people use what they have learned to correct themselves.
- The monitor is like a little editor in a mind, checking language use.
Input Hypothesis
- Individuals learn languages best when they understand what is said or written.
Affective Filter Hypothesis
- This hypothesis is about how feelings affect learning.
Natural Order Hypothesis
- Languages have a natural order in which people learn different parts.
- Some components, like basic words and sentences, come first while more complex grammar rules come later.
Pre-Production
- Also known as the silent period, when the learner absorbs the new language but does not yet speak it.
Early Production
- The individual begins to speak using short words and sentences, but the focus remains on listening and absorbing the new language.
Speech Emergent
- Speech becomes more frequent, with longer words and sentences.
- The learner still heavily relies on context clues and familiar topics.
Beginning Fluency
- The individual achieves fairly fluent speech in social situations with minimal errors.
Intermediate Fluency
- Communication in the second language becomes fluent, especially in social settings.
Advanced Fluency
- The individual communicates fluently across all contexts, navigating successfully in new situations and when exposed to new academic information.
Culturally Responsive Teaching
- A proven teaching method that connects students' cultures, languages, and life experiences with what they learn in school.
Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
- An educational framework for designing flexible learning environments and curricula that provide all students—including those with diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds—equitable access to learning opportunities.
Giftedness
- A blend of potential and opportunity and a unique blend of cognitive and affective traits.
- Students with giftedness process information quickly, think abstractly, and show intense curiosity.
- Their advanced language skills and original thinking set them apart.
Twice-Exceptional
- Students who have been formally identified as having exceptional abilities or talents in areas such as academics, creativity, or the arts while also being diagnosed with one or more disabilities or challenges.
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