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Questions and Answers
To add an item to the beginning of the list, use the method ______()
To add an item to the beginning of the list, use the method ______()
addFirst
The output of adding '______' first to the list is: [blank, Volvo, BMW, Ford]
The output of adding '______' first to the list is: [blank, Volvo, BMW, Ford]
Mazda
To add an item to the end of the list, use the method ______()
To add an item to the end of the list, use the method ______()
addLast
The method ______() removes an item from the beginning of the list.
The method ______() removes an item from the beginning of the list.
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When 'Mazda' is added last to the list, the output is: [Volvo, BMW, Ford, ______]
When 'Mazda' is added last to the list, the output is: [Volvo, BMW, Ford, ______]
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An inorder traversal of a binary search tree visits all the nodes in ______ order.
An inorder traversal of a binary search tree visits all the nodes in ______ order.
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The simplest way to carry out a traversal is through the use of ______.
The simplest way to carry out a traversal is through the use of ______.
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A recursive method to traverse the entire tree starts with the node as the ______.
A recursive method to traverse the entire tree starts with the node as the ______.
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To implement inorder traversal in Java, you need to traverse the node’s ______ subtree first.
To implement inorder traversal in Java, you need to traverse the node’s ______ subtree first.
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In the provided Java code, the ______ class represents the structure of each node in the binary tree.
In the provided Java code, the ______ class represents the structure of each node in the binary tree.
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In a linked list, each data item is embedded in a ______.
In a linked list, each data item is embedded in a ______.
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In Java, the method ______() is used to display the first item in a LinkedList.
In Java, the method ______() is used to display the first item in a LinkedList.
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Each Link object contains a reference to the ______ link in the list.
Each Link object contains a reference to the ______ link in the list.
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In Java, the method ______() retrieves the last item in a LinkedList.
In Java, the method ______() retrieves the last item in a LinkedList.
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In a simple linked list, one can only insert an item at the ______ of the list.
In a simple linked list, one can only insert an item at the ______ of the list.
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If every node in a tree can have at most two ______, the tree is called a binary tree.
If every node in a tree can have at most two ______, the tree is called a binary tree.
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A LinkedList in Java is created by instantiating the ______ class.
A LinkedList in Java is created by instantiating the ______ class.
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A ______ in a binary tree doesn’t necessarily have the maximum of two children.
A ______ in a binary tree doesn’t necessarily have the maximum of two children.
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A double-ended list has a reference to both the first and the ______ link.
A double-ended list has a reference to both the first and the ______ link.
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Some trees can be ______, having most of their nodes on one side of the root.
Some trees can be ______, having most of their nodes on one side of the root.
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A circular list is a linked list in which the last link points back to the ______ link.
A circular list is a linked list in which the last link points back to the ______ link.
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Recursion is a process of defining a problem in terms of a ______ version of itself.
Recursion is a process of defining a problem in terms of a ______ version of itself.
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The first step in the recursion operation 'Find your way home' is to ______ moving if you are at home.
The first step in the recursion operation 'Find your way home' is to ______ moving if you are at home.
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Finding a node with a specific ______ is one of the simplest tree operations.
Finding a node with a specific ______ is one of the simplest tree operations.
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The method addFirst() is used to add an item to the ______ of the list.
The method addFirst() is used to add an item to the ______ of the list.
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One action to simplify the 'Find your way home' problem is to take one ______ toward home.
One action to simplify the 'Find your way home' problem is to take one ______ toward home.
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In a linked list, the first element that holds null as the previous address is the ______ element.
In a linked list, the first element that holds null as the previous address is the ______ element.
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The characteristics of each node we can see include a number and a ______.
The characteristics of each node we can see include a number and a ______.
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Traversing a tree means visiting each node in a specified ______.
Traversing a tree means visiting each node in a specified ______.
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Elements in linked lists are not stored in ______.
Elements in linked lists are not stored in ______.
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Parts of a Recursion Algorithm involve repeating the entire ______ after simplification.
Parts of a Recursion Algorithm involve repeating the entire ______ after simplification.
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Traversal is not particularly ______ compared to finding, inserting, and deleting nodes.
Traversal is not particularly ______ compared to finding, inserting, and deleting nodes.
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In the output of the LinkedList example, the last car displayed is ______.
In the output of the LinkedList example, the last car displayed is ______.
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There are three simple ways to ______ a tree.
There are three simple ways to ______ a tree.
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Inorder traversal outputs items in the sequence: 5->12->6->1->______->
Inorder traversal outputs items in the sequence: 5->12->6->1->______->
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The first step in the preorder traversal method is to ______ the node.
The first step in the preorder traversal method is to ______ the node.
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In the provided Java implementation, the ______ class represents a node in the binary tree.
In the provided Java implementation, the ______ class represents a node in the binary tree.
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The left child of the root node has the value ______.
The left child of the root node has the value ______.
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The motivation for using preorder and postorder traversals is to analyze ______ expressions.
The motivation for using preorder and postorder traversals is to analyze ______ expressions.
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The sequence to perform a postorder traversal starts by traversing the node's ______ subtree first.
The sequence to perform a postorder traversal starts by traversing the node's ______ subtree first.
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To implement the binary tree, the root node of the tree is initialized as a new ______ with the value 1.
To implement the binary tree, the root node of the tree is initialized as a new ______ with the value 1.
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In the binary tree, the root's right child is assigned a new ______ with the value 9.
In the binary tree, the root's right child is assigned a new ______ with the value 9.
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Study Notes
ICT 107 - Data Structures and Algorithms - Unit 3: Lists and Recursion
- Lists: A linked list stores data items in separate "links," each containing a reference to the next link. This allows elements to be scattered, not sequentially stored.
- Links are objects of a class separate from the list itself, containing a reference (often called "next") to the subsequent link.
- Linked List Elements: Elements are not stored consecutively, but rather are connected by links, often containing pointers to previous ("Prev") and next ("Next") elements.
- Example: In a linked list with elements "Dog," "Cat," and "Cow," "Dog" holds "null" as its previous and the address of "Cat" as its next. "Cat" holds "Dog"'s address as its previous and "Cow"'s address as its next. "Cow" holds "Cat"'s address as its previous and "null" as its next.
- Simple Linked List: Supports operations like insertion/deletion at the beginning, and iteration.
- Double-Ended Lists: Similar to simple linked lists but also maintain a reference to the last element, allowing additions/deletions from either end.
- Circular Lists: The last link in the list points back to the first link creating a circle.
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Linked List Methods (Java): Common methods include
addFirst(), inserting at the beginning;addLast(), inserting at the end,removeFirst(), removing from the beginning;removeLast(), removing from the end;getFirst(), retrieving the first element; andgetLast(), retrieving the last element. UsingLinkedListclass in Java, these operations are implemented.
Recursion
- Concept: A problem is defined in terms of a simpler version of itself.
- Base Case: A simple condition where the problem stops recursing.
- Recursive Step: The part of the algorithm where it calls itself with a simpler version of the input.
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Example, Factorial Calculation:
- Base case: factorial(0) = 1
- Recursive step: factorial(n) = n * factorial(n - 1) for n > 0
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Parts of a Recursion Algorithm:
- Base Case: The simplest instance where the problem is solvable directly.
- Work toward Base Case: The part where the problem is broken down into smaller sub-problems.
- Recursive Call: Making a call to the same function with a smaller version of the input.
- Types of Recursion: Linear (e.g., factorial), Binary (e.g., combination calculations)
- Importance: Recursive algorithms can often be elegant ways of solving problems, particularly when problems can naturally be broken onto smaller and simpler versions.
- Avoid Infinite Recursion: The base case is critical to prevent infinite recursion for problems that don't have a natural endpoint.
Other Topics from the document (Trees)
- Trees: A tree data structure consists of nodes connected by edges.
- Binary Trees: Trees where each node has at most two children (left and right).
- Binary Search Trees (BSTs): Trees that follow a key-value relationship, often used for searching efficiently. Each node's key value is always greater than (or equal to if allowed) the key value of its left child and always less than (or equal to if allowed) the key value of its right child.
- Finding a node: Simplest tree operation; find nodes with a specific key
- Traversal: Visiting the nodes in a specific order (preorder, inorder, postorder). These methods are useful for extracting sorted lists of data and for traversing the tree from root node through subtrees.
- Unbalanced Trees: Where one subtree is longer/deeper/significantly larger than the other(s). This occurs when inserts and deletions are not strategically aligned to keep an even balance.
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Description
This quiz covers Unit 3 of ICT 107, focusing on lists and recursion within data structures. Learn about linked lists, their elements, and how they operate through connections rather than sequential storage. Test your understanding of these concepts through practical examples and operations.
